Isolation and Full-Genome Characterization of Nipah Viruses from Bats, Bangladesh

Anderson, Danielle E.; Islam, Ariful; Crameri, Gary; Todd, Shawn; Islam, A. B. M. Saiful; Khan, Salah Ud‐Din; Foord, Adam J.; Rahman, Mohammed Ziaur; Mendenhall, Ian H.; Luby, Stephen P.; Gurley, Emily S.; Daszak, Peter; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Wang, Lin‐Fa

doi:10.3201/eid2501.180267

Cited by 36 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In the current study, observed seroprevalence patterns and the fitted model suggest that three periods of transmission occurred over the 6 y of sampling, each of which followed periods of low adult and juvenile seroprevalence. Viral detection in bats has coincided with some human outbreaks, supporting the hypothesis that spillover is a sporadic event (67,97). In our study periods, low seroprevalence in bats was not always followed by outbreaks in humans.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…This finding was supported by an additional analysis of near-whole N gene sequences (∼1,720 nt) from bats, pigs, and humans, including those from a subset of P. medius from this and a more recent study by our group (SI Appendix,Fig. S5)(67). Eleven 224-nt N gene sequences obtained from bats between 2006 and 2012 (all from the Faridpur population) were identical.…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

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Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Epstein

Anthony

Islam

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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162

173

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Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes near-annual outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in South Asia—one of the most populous regions on Earth. In Bangladesh, infection occurs when people drink date-palm sap contaminated with bat excreta. Outbreaks are sporadic, and the influence of viral dynamics in bats on their temporal and spatial distribution is poorly understood. We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir, Pteropus medius bats, in Bangladesh. We found that NiV transmission occurred throughout the country and throughout the year. Model results indicated that local transmission dynamics were modulated by density-dependent transmission, acquired immunity that is lost over time, and recrudescence. Increased transmission followed multiyear periods of declining seroprevalence due to bat-population turnover and individual loss of humoral immunity. Individual bats had smaller host ranges than other Pteropus species (spp.), although movement data and the discovery of a Malaysia-clade NiV strain in eastern Bangladesh suggest connectivity with bats east of Bangladesh. These data suggest that discrete multiannual local epizootics in bat populations contribute to the sporadic nature of NiV outbreaks in South Asia. At the same time, the broad spatial and temporal extent of NiV transmission, including the recent outbreak in Kerala, India, highlights the continued risk of spillover to humans wherever they may interact with pteropid bats and the importance of limiting opportunities for spillover throughout Pteropus’s range.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

supporting

confidence: 75%

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Epstein

Anthony

Islam

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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162

173

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“…The reservoir hosts of NiV have been identified as the large flying fox (P. vampyrus) and small flying fox (P. hypomenalus) in Malaysia [42,43] and the Indian flying fox (P. giganteus) in Bangladesh and India [44,45]. After many years of unsuccessful attempts, NiV was isolated from the Indian flying fox in Bangladesh [46]. The current status of henipavirus transmission during outbreaks is summarised in Figure 2.…”

Section: Paramyxovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans

Wang

Anderson

2019

Current Opinion in Virology

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In the last two decades, several high impact zoonotic disease outbreaks have been linked to bat-borne viruses. These include SARS coronavirus, Hendra virus and Nipah virus. In addition, it has been suspected that ebolaviruses and MERS coronavirus are also linked to bats. It is being increasingly accepted that bats are potential reservoirs of a large number of known and unknown viruses, many of which could spillover into animal and human populations. However, our knowledge into basic bat biology and immunology is very limited and we have little understanding of major factors contributing to the risk of bat virus spillover events. Here we provide a brief review of the latest findings in bat viruses and their potential risk of crossspecies transmission.

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“…During the Nipah encephalitis outbreak in Malaysia during 1999, pigs acted as an intermediate host between bats and humans [ 16 , 17 ]. NiV can also be transmitted from bats to humans without an intermediate host [ 18 ], for example, through consumption of fresh date palm sap contaminated with bat saliva or urine in Bangladesh [ 19 ], as bats visit and contaminate the date palm sap regularly during the night [ 20 ]. Subsequent communication of NiV to humans following person-to-person transmission of the virus is fatal [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Community Perceptions and Knowledge of Bats and Transmission of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh

Hassan

Kalam

Alam

et al. 2020

Animals

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Bats are known reservoirs of Nipah virus (NiV) and some filoviruses and also appear likely to harbor the evolutionary progenitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). While bats are considered a reservoir of deadly viruses, little is known about people’s knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of bat conservation and ecology. The current study aimed to assess community people’s knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of bat ecology, myths, and the role of bats in transmitting NiV in Bangladesh. Since 2001, NiV has been a continuous threat to public health with a mortality rate of approximately 70% in Bangladesh. Over the years, many public health interventions have been implemented to raise awareness about bats and the spreading of NiV among the community peoples of Nipah outbreak areas (NOAs) and Nipah non-outbreak areas (NNOAs). We hypothesized that people from both areas might have similar knowledge of bat ecology and myths about bats but different knowledge regarding their role in the spreading of NiV. Using a four-point Likert scale-based questionnaire, our analysis showed that most people lack adequate knowledge regarding the role of bats in maintaining the ecological balance and instead trust their beliefs in different myths about bats. Factor score analysis showed that respondents’ gender (p = 0.01), the outbreak status of the area (p = 0.03), and their occupation (p = 0.04) were significant factors influencing their knowledge of bat ecology and myths. A regression analysis showed that farmers had 0.34 times the odds of having correct or positive knowledge of bat ecology and myths than businesspersons (odds ratio (OR) = 0.34, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.15–0.78, p = 0.01). Regarding the spreading of NiV via bats, people had a lower level of knowledge. In NOAs, age (p = 0.00), occupation (p = 0.00), and level of education (p = 0.00) were found to be factors contributing to the amount of knowledge regarding the transmission of NiV, whereas in NNOAs, the contributing factors were occupation (p = 0.00) and level of education (p = 0.01). Regression analysis revealed that respondents who were engaged in services (OR = 3.02, 95% CI = 1.07–8.54, p = 0.04) and who had completed primary education (OR = 3.06, 95% CI = 1.02–9.17, p < 0.05) were likely to have correct knowledge regarding the spreading of NiV. Based on the study results, we recommend educational interventions for targeted groups in the community, highlighting the ecosystem services and conservation of bats so as to improve people’s current knowledge and subsequent behavior regarding the role of bats in ecology and the spreading of NiV in Bangladesh.

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Isolation and Full-Genome Characterization of Nipah Viruses from Bats, Bangladesh

Cited by 36 publications

References 15 publications

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans

Viruses in bats and potential spillover to animals and humans

Understanding the Community Perceptions and Knowledge of Bats and Transmission of Nipah Virus in Bangladesh

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