Ischemic pre and postconditioning in skeletal muscle injury produced by ischemia and reperfusion in rats

Abstract

PURPOSE:To investigate the protective effects of ischemic pre and postconditioning, as well as the association of both methods, in skeletal muscle injury produced by ischemia and reperfusion in rats. METHODS:An experimental study was designed using 40 Wistar rats divided in four groups (n=10): Control -rats submitted to ischemia for 240 minutes (min) and reperfusion for 60 min; Ischemic preconditioning (Pre) -animals submitted to three cycles of clamping and releasing the aorta for five min before being submitted to the ischemia/reperfusion procedure; Ischemic postconditioning (Post) -rats submitted to three cycles of clamping and releasing the aorta for one min after the 240-minute ischemic phase; Ischemic pre and postconditioning (Pre-post) -animals submitted to the same procedures of Pre and Post groups. Skeletal muscle injury was evaluated by measuring serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK); and muscular levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glycogen. RESULTS:AST levels were significantly higher in Pre and Pre-post groups (P<.01). There were no differences in LDH and CPK levels. Muscular MDA levels were similar. Glycogen levels were significantly higher in Pre and Pre-post groups (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS:Both preconditioning and its association with postconditioning had a protective effect by avoiding glycogen depletion in skeletal muscle in rats submitted to ischemia and reperfusion. Association of pre and postconditioning did not show advantage compared to preconditioning alone. Postconditioning alone did not show protective effect.

Hydrogen-rich saline attenuates ischemia–reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle

“…For those patients, prolonged tourniquet application might be an indispensable part of rescue before transported to hospital though it might be longer than clinical allowed time. Although pretreated with ischemic preconditioning [20] or other methods [21e23] have been shown to be useful in ameliorating the IR injury, these measures cannot be used into clinic treatment because of various limitations. Second, skeletal muscle have longer endurance to IR injury than other susceptible organs.…”

Ischemic postconditioning of the isolated human myocardium: Role of the applied protocol

“…If IPostC and IPreC possess some distinctive mechanisms of protection, it could be argued that the combined application of the two interventions could induce a more efficient protection. Nonetheless, the validity of this argument could be challenged, since it has been reported in the skeletal muscle of rats subjected to ischemia and reperfusion that the combination of IPreC and IPostC reduced glycogen depletion to a degree similar to that of IPreC alone whilst IPostC alone did not show protection [34]. Other investigators have observed a loss of protection in the human right atrial myocardium with the co-application of IPreC and IPostC [35].…”

Different Protocols of Postconditioning Does Not Attenuate Mesenteric Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury After Short-Term Reperfusion

“…There is no consensus in literature regarding the standard pattern of post-conditioning cycles to be performed in each organ since cell metabolism might influence the number of cycles and their duration, but it is known that short cycles are more effective than long cycles 1 , 5 , 12 , 20 , 25 .…”

“…Experimental studies have shown that ischemic post-conditioning is effective on preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury in several tissues, having a similar effect to ischemic pre-conditioning 5 , 12 , 20 . However, when analyzed in a hyper acute phase, post-conditioning was not able to reduce the damage caused by ischemia and reperfusion syndrome 1 .…”