Is the Presence of Trichomonas on a Pap Smear Associated with an Increased Incidence of Bacterial Vaginosis?

Heller, Debra S.; Maslyak, Svetlana; Skurnick, Joan

doi:10.1097/00128360-200607000-00002

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The increased association of infections such as trichomoniasis and chlamydiasis in patients with bacterial vaginosis [17,18,19] with the presence of cannonballs in such associated infections [6,8] further supports our theory of cannonball formation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

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Cannonballs in Pap Smears: Double Whammy of Bacterial Vaginosis and Associated Infections

Krishnamurthy

Satish²,

Vimalambike³

2016

Acta Cytologica

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Introduction: Cannonballs are structures consisting of neutrophils adherent to epithelial cells, often seen in vaginal Pap smears of patients with trichomoniasis and chlamydiasis. We frequently observed these cannonballs in inflammatory Pap smears showing evidence of bacterial vaginosis. Objective: To study the association between cannonballs and bacterial vaginosis with associated infections in inflammatory Pap smears. Study Design: This was a retrospective study performed over a period of 6 months between April 2014 and September 2014. Three hundred consecutive Pap smears assessed during the study period were retrieved from the archives and studied. Results: A total of 280 smears were studied. Neutrophilic infiltrates were seen in 83.6%, cannonballs in 82.3%, and bacterial vaginosis in 70.7% of the smears. Cannonballs were found in 84.4% of the smears showing evidence of bacterial vaginosis with associated inflammatory infiltrates. There was a significant association between cannonballs and bacterial vaginosis (p = 0.0001). The odds ratio was 13.8 (95% CI: 7.2-26.2). Conclusion: The present study shows a significant association between cannonballs and bacterial vaginosis and associated vaginal infections.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…It is known that the bacterial vaginosis, by altering the vaginal milieu, can predispose to other infections [2,17,18,19]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannonballs in Pap Smears: Double Whammy of Bacterial Vaginosis and Associated Infections

Krishnamurthy

Satish²,

Vimalambike³

2016

Acta Cytologica

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“…If the presence of TV infection creates an environment that favors the development of BV, the expectation would be that BV is more frequent among women with TV infection. 26 In our group of HIV-positive women, a significantly higher prevalence of BV was found among women with TV infection compared with TV-negative women. We also examined the presence of abnormal vaginal flora and found a significantly higher prevalence of abnormal vaginal flora among women with TV infection compared with TV-negative women.…”

mentioning

confidence: 52%

Co-Occurrence of Trichomonas vaginalis and Bacterial Vaginosis Among HIV-Positive Women

Gatski¹,

Martín²,

Clark³

et al. 2011

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

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“…[63][64][65][66] However, we observed that a higher severity of trichomoniasis was associated with lower severity of BV (but higher quantity of Lactobacillus) during pregnancy. To our knowledge, this has not been previously reported, and suggests that Lactobacillus may not be protective against trichomoniasis during pregnancy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions Among Urogenital, Intestinal, Skin, and Oral Infections in Pregnant and Lactating Panamanian Ngäbe Women: A Neglected Public Health Challenge

Gonzalez‐Fernandez¹,

Koski²,

Sinisterra³

et al. 2015

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Interrelationships among bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites were explored in a cross-sectional survey of 213 pregnant and 99 lactating indigenous women. Prevalences in pregnancy and lactation, respectively, were: vaginitis (89.2%; 46.8%), vaginal trichomoniasis (75.3%; 91.1%), bacterial vaginosis (BV; 60.6%; 63.3%), hookworm (56.6%; 47.8%), asymptomatic bacteriuria/urinary tract infection (AB/UTI; 56.2%; 36.2%), cervicitis (33.3%; 6.3%), vaginal yeast (24.9%; 11.4%), Ascaris (32.5%; 17.4%), vaginal diplococci (20.4%; 31.6%), caries (19.7%; 18.2%), scabies (17.4%; 8.1%), and Trichuris (12.5%; 8.7%). Multiple regressions revealed positive associations during pregnancy (trichomoniasis and AB/UTI; diplococci and Ascaris) and lactation (yeast and scabies). Negative associations were detected in pregnancy (BV and trichomoniasis; hookworm and diplococci) and lactation (BV and yeast). Vaginal Lactobacillus reduced odds of diplococci in pregnancy and lactation, but increased Ascaris eggs per gram (epg) and odds of trichomoniasis in pregnancy and yeast in lactation. These associations raised a concern that treatment of one condition may increase the risk of another.

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Is the Presence of Trichomonas on a Pap Smear Associated with an Increased Incidence of Bacterial Vaginosis?

Abstract: The presence of Trichomonas on a Pap smear is associated with an increased incidence of BV. The report of Trichomonas on a Pap smear should prompt clinical consideration that BV may be present.

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Cannonballs in Pap Smears: Double Whammy of Bacterial Vaginosis and Associated Infections

Cannonballs in Pap Smears: Double Whammy of Bacterial Vaginosis and Associated Infections

Co-Occurrence of Trichomonas vaginalis and Bacterial Vaginosis Among HIV-Positive Women

Interactions Among Urogenital, Intestinal, Skin, and Oral Infections in Pregnant and Lactating Panamanian Ngäbe Women: A Neglected Public Health Challenge

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