“…Research using unselected samples (such as student samples) shows that women can be as violent as men within intimate relationships, if not more so (Archer, 2000(Archer, , 2002(Archer, , 2006(Archer, , 2012Graham-Kevan & Archer, 2003;Thornton, Graham-Kevan, & Archer, 2010). This finding has been found for both "minor" violence (e.g., pushing, slapping, hitting) as well as "severe" types of violence (Ehrensaft et al, 2004;Lussier et al, 2009;Straus, 2008), except for the items "beat up" and "choke" where the majority of the perpetrators were men (Archer, 2002), and women were the perpetrator in only about a third of cases. Research has shown that both men and women underreport their perpetration of IPV compared to reports about their partners, but this bias is more pronounced for men (Archer, 1999), leading to sex differences being slightly more in the female direction for perpetrators' reports than for victims' reports (Archer, 2000).…”