Is tartrazine really safe?<i>In silico</i>and<i>ex vivo</i>toxicological studies in human leukocytes: a question of dose

Floriano, Jassana Moreira; Rosa, Emanoeli da; Amaral, Queila Daiane Fonseca do; Zuravski, Luísa; Chaves, Pamella Eduardha Espindola; Machado, Michel Mansur; Oliveira, Luís Flávio Souza de

doi:10.1039/c8tx00034d

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Our findings were consistent with Khan et al (2020), who observed optimum aberration when meristematic cells of onion roots were treated with a 1% concentration of red azo FCA then 1% metanil yellow azo FCA for 48 h. Further, the red azo FCA inhibited more mitotic index and induced chromosomal breaks, disorientation at metaphase, C-mitosis, sticky metaphase, sticky anaphase, and bridge anaphase (Khan et al, 2020). Likewise, Floriano et al (2018), reported that the tartrazine in a minute quantity like 70 µg mLˉ1 concentration induced DNA damages in ex vivo human leukocytes culture. According to ADMET software, the 1000000 µg Lˉ1 concentration of azo FCA may be killed 50% of the tested organism (Floriano et al, 2018).…”

Section: Microscopic Analysissupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Likewise, Floriano et al (2018), reported that the tartrazine in a minute quantity like 70 µg mLˉ1 concentration induced DNA damages in ex vivo human leukocytes culture. According to ADMET software, the 1000000 µg Lˉ1 concentration of azo FCA may be killed 50% of the tested organism (Floriano et al, 2018). Furthermore, the toxicological studies of these azo FCAs revealed interference in the hydrogen bonds of chromosomes which caused oxidative stress and allergic responses (Kashanian and Zeidali, 2011).…”

Section: Microscopic Analysismentioning

confidence: 96%

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Geno-Toxic Appraisal of Widely Used Food Color Additives on Model Plant Allium cepa Root Tip Cells

Farheen¹,

Mansoor²,

Abid³

2021

JIS

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Azo dyes are consisted of nitrogen and carbon atom having R-N= N-R' functional group in which Rs is usually aryl. The delocalization of aryl gives vivid colors such as red, orange, and yellow. It is usually produced by an electrophilic substitution reaction of an aryl diazotization with acetoacetic amide or aromatic amines (Clarke and Kirner, 1941), which are well documented carcinogenic and mutagenic agents (Khan et al., 2020).Several studies have been conducted on the nature and characterization of azo dyes which presented a higher level of cytotoxicity on plants cells, severe allergic reactions in humans, and even cancer in lab-tested animals than any other synthetic FCAs (Rangan and Barcelous, 2009;Micic et al., 2014;Kaur et al., Abstract | The frequent use of meal and beverages having food color additives (FCAs) may cause mutation in humans' proto-oncogenes which leads to carcinogenicity. The current findings aimed to evaluate the genotoxic impact of widely used azo FCAs on the cell cycle by using onion as a model plant. The study was designed in a complete randomized design where the grown onion roots were exposed to 0%, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1% concentration of FCA for 120 hours for macroscopic and 36 h for microscopic evaluation. The onion root tips morpho-physiology was severely affected as the concentration of FCAs increased. The macroscopic analysis manifested that allura red had 95% broken-ended extremely thin and transparent root tips at 1% concentration. In the microscopic analysis, FCAs induced eight different kinds of chromosomal aberrations in which allura red significantly induced the highest frequencies of abnormal prophase, sticky metaphase, c-mitosis, sticky anaphase, and laggard anaphase at each concentration. While, dislocated metaphase, forwarded anaphase, and bridge anaphase were only found in sunset yellow, tartrazine, and fast green, respectively. The use of evaluated FCAs especially allura red in foodstuff, cosmetics, and skincare products can cause cancer in humans.

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Section: Microscopic Analysissupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Microscopic Analysismentioning

confidence: 96%

Geno-Toxic Appraisal of Widely Used Food Color Additives on Model Plant Allium cepa Root Tip Cells

Farheen¹,

Mansoor²,

Abid³

2021

JIS

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“…28 As the oral absorption of azo dyes is 2% to 5% in humans, their mean amount reaching the blood for an adult weighting 70 kg (7% of body weight, as well as 5 L of blood) would be approximately 2.1 to 5.25 mg/mL. [29][30][31] Therefore, the zebrafish-exposed concentrations (0-53.4 mg) of azo dyes used in our study were higher than the expected human exposures at the ADI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity Assessment of 4 Azo Dyes in Zebrafish Embryos

Jiang

Yan

et al. 2020

Int J Toxicol

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Azo dyes are used widely as color additives in food, drugs, and cosmetics; hence, there is an increasing concern about their safety and possible health hazards. In the present study, we chose 4 azo dyes tartrazine, Sunset Yellow, amaranth, and Allura red and evaluated their developmental toxicity on zebrafish embryos. At concentration levels of 5 to 50 mM, we found that azo dyes can induce hatching difficulty and developmental abnormalities such as cardiac edema, decreased heart rate, yolk sac edema, and spinal defects including spinal curvature and tail distortion. Exposure to 100 mM of each azo dye was completely embryolethal. The median lethal concentration (LC50), median effective concentration (EC50), and teratogenic index (TI) were calculated for each azo dye at 72 hours postfertilization. For tartrazine, the LC50 was 47.10 mM and EC50 value was at 42.66 mM with TI ratio of 1.10. For Sunset Yellow, the LC50 was 38.93 mM and EC50 value was at 29.81 mM with TI ratio of 1.31. For amaranth, the LC50 was 39.86 mM and EC50 value was at 31.94 mM with TI ratio of 1.25. For Allura red, the LC50 was 47.42 mM and EC50 value was 40.05 mM with TI ratio of 1.18. This study reports the developmental toxicity of azo dyes in zebrafish embryos at concentrations higher than the expected human exposures from consuming food and drugs containing azo dyes.

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“…• Decreased activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), considering that there was a decline in Glutathione-Stransferase (GST) Glutathione Reductase (GR); • Levels of ADI in the dye affect and alter biochemical markers of brain tissues and cause oxidative damage. Floriano et al (2018) To evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of tartrazine in human leukocyte culture.…”

Section: Basu Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological and ecotoxicological aspects of tartrazine yellow food dye: a literature review

Silva

Fracácio

2020

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Ambient. (Online)

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The use of the tartrazine yellow additive in food products for human consumption is permitted within the acceptable daily intake of 7.5 mg/kg of body weight per day (following the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives standards). However, studies have described this as a toxic compo-nent. The dye, which is intensively used in the industry and commerce, enters the aquatic environ-ment through releases of non-treated or inadequately treated effluents; however, further ecotoxico-logical research is needed. We addressed studies reporting the toxic effects of the exposure to this dye developed in humans, guinea pigs, and Danio rerio (a fish with molecular bases and genomes similar to humans). Based on this review, the doses allowed for acceptable daily intake, or even lower, toxic effects, can be evidenced for different organisms, life stages, and tested times. The re-ported values may not be protective to aquatic life. In a paper about the exposure of D. rerio from embryos to larvae kept at values lower than 0.05 and 0.5 g.L-1 for pure and commercial tartrazine, there was ecotoxicological effect for embryos and larvae 48 hours after hatching, which implied cardiac edema, changes in the yolk sac, scoliosis, and tail distortions.

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Is tartrazine really safe?In silicoandex vivotoxicological studies in human leukocytes: a question of dose

Abstract: The use of food colorings has a long-recorded history.

Cited by 20 publications

References 33 publications

Geno-Toxic Appraisal of Widely Used Food Color Additives on Model Plant Allium cepa Root Tip Cells

Geno-Toxic Appraisal of Widely Used Food Color Additives on Model Plant Allium cepa Root Tip Cells

Toxicity Assessment of 4 Azo Dyes in Zebrafish Embryos

Toxicological and ecotoxicological aspects of tartrazine yellow food dye: a literature review

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