Azo dyes are consisted of nitrogen and carbon atom having R-N= N-R' functional group in which Rs is usually aryl. The delocalization of aryl gives vivid colors such as red, orange, and yellow. It is usually produced by an electrophilic substitution reaction of an aryl diazotization with acetoacetic amide or aromatic amines (Clarke and Kirner, 1941), which are well documented carcinogenic and mutagenic agents (Khan et al., 2020).Several studies have been conducted on the nature and characterization of azo dyes which presented a higher level of cytotoxicity on plants cells, severe allergic reactions in humans, and even cancer in lab-tested animals than any other synthetic FCAs (Rangan and Barcelous, 2009;Micic et al., 2014;Kaur et al., Abstract | The frequent use of meal and beverages having food color additives (FCAs) may cause mutation in humans' proto-oncogenes which leads to carcinogenicity. The current findings aimed to evaluate the genotoxic impact of widely used azo FCAs on the cell cycle by using onion as a model plant. The study was designed in a complete randomized design where the grown onion roots were exposed to 0%, 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1% concentration of FCA for 120 hours for macroscopic and 36 h for microscopic evaluation. The onion root tips morpho-physiology was severely affected as the concentration of FCAs increased. The macroscopic analysis manifested that allura red had 95% broken-ended extremely thin and transparent root tips at 1% concentration. In the microscopic analysis, FCAs induced eight different kinds of chromosomal aberrations in which allura red significantly induced the highest frequencies of abnormal prophase, sticky metaphase, c-mitosis, sticky anaphase, and laggard anaphase at each concentration. While, dislocated metaphase, forwarded anaphase, and bridge anaphase were only found in sunset yellow, tartrazine, and fast green, respectively. The use of evaluated FCAs especially allura red in foodstuff, cosmetics, and skincare products can cause cancer in humans.
In this article, we develop a new algebraic public key cryptosystem, which is based on generally non-commutative ring. Firstly, we define the polynomials over the non-commutative rings and then take it as underlying work structure. The hard problem of the scheme is the mixture of matrix discrete log problem under modular classes and polynomial symmetric decomposition problem. Using matrices of higher order and large modular classes resist the brute force and other well-known attacks exists in the literature. We also discuss the computational complexity of proposed scheme. On the other hand, we propose a signature scheme over a non-commutative division semiring. The key idea behind the signature scheme is that, for a given non-commutative division semiring, we build a polynomial and then implement digital signatures on multiplicative structure of semiring.
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