Is Open-Angle Glaucoma Associated with Early Menopause? : The Rotterdam Study

Hulsman, Caroline A. A.; Westendorp, I. C. D.; Ramrattan, R.S.; Wolfs, Roger C. W.; Witteman, Jacqueline C. M.; Vingerling, Johannes R.; Hofman, Albert; Jong, Paulus T. V. M. de

doi:10.1093/aje/154.2.138

Cited by 123 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The polymorphism of ERb gene is associated with intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in female patients with open-angle glaucoma (Mabuchi et al 2010), and polymorphisms of ERb increase its risk in males (de Voogd et al 2008). There is also evidence that early menopause (!45 years) may be associated with a higher risk of glaucoma (Hulsman et al 2001). Later menopause (O54 years) has been associated with a reduced risk of developing open-angle glaucoma (Pasquale et al 2007).…”

Section: Eye Disease and The Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Oestrogen, ocular function and low-level vision: a review

Hutchinson¹,

Walker²,

Davidson³

2014

Journal of Endocrinology

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Over the past 10 years, a literature has emerged concerning the sex steroid hormone oestrogen and its role in human vision. Herein, we review evidence that oestrogen (oestradiol) levels may significantly affect ocular function and low-level vision, particularly in older females. In doing so, we have examined a number of vision-related disorders including dry eye, cataract, increased intraocular pressure, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. In each case, we have found oestrogen, or lack thereof, to have a role. We have also included discussion of how oestrogen-related pharmacological treatments for menopause and breast cancer can impact the pathology of the eye and a number of psychophysical aspects of vision. Finally, we have reviewed oestrogen's pharmacology and suggest potential mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects, with particular emphasis on anti-apoptotic and vascular effects.

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Section: Eye Disease and The Retinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Oestrogen, ocular function and low-level vision: a review

Hutchinson¹,

Walker²,

Davidson³

2014

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…In addition, elderly females on HRT have shown reduced prevalence of nuclear cataract [26, 27], glaucoma [28]and age-related macular degeneration [29]. There is preliminary evidence that early menopause may be associated with increased risk for several major ocular diseases, including glaucoma, which may be linked to ocular ischemia [30, 31]. In previous studies the effects of menopause and HRT on retrobulbar blood flow were not well defined [32, 33, 34, 35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy on Quality and Quantity of Tear, Intraocular Pressure and Ocular Blood Flow

et al. 2004

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Objective: To evaluate the effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the quality and amount of tear, intraocular pressure (IOP) and retrobulbar blood flow velocities. Patients and Methods: Twenty women aged between 40 and 50 years, free of ocular and systemic diseases and planning to receive HRT were recruited as the study group. Twenty-four healthy, age-matched but still menstruating women were enrolled as controls. On the first day of study basal and reflex Schirmer test, tear break-up time and IOP measurements (at 08.00, 12.00 and 16.00 h) were performed for all groups. On the second day of the study, the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistivity index (RI) of the ophthalmic (OA), central retinal (CRA), nasal (NSPCA) and temporal short posterior ciliary (TSPCA) arteries were determined by color Doppler imaging. The menopausal group received HRT for 2 months, when all measurements were repeated for the 15 women who had received HRT on a daily basis. Results: The quality and amount of tear decreased (p < 0.01), IOP (p < 0.01) and RI of the CRA, TPCA and NPCA (p < 0.05) increased in postmenopausal women compared with the control group. After 2 months of HRT, the quality and amount of tear had increased (p < 0.001) and the IOP had decreased (p < 0.001). The PSV of the CRA and TSPCA had decreased (p < 0.05), as had the RI in the CRA (p < 0.001), NSPCA and TSPCA (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We conclude that age-induced changes on quality and amount of tear, IOP and retrobulbar blood flow are intensified by the menopause and that it may be possible to decrease the menopausal effects on these parameters by HRT.

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“…(19) In our study, IOP increased in women as the number of years after they attained menopause-increased. Although direct effect about number of years after attaining menopause is not shown in earlier studies, studies show that there was an increased risk of open angle glaucoma in women who experienced an early natural menopause (20) A less than 10% decline in blood pressure during the night is known as a non-dipping blood pressure (BP) pattern. The study found that Non-dippers were older (P=0.04), postmenopausal (P=0.003) and had lower stress scores (P=0.02) than their dipper counterparts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraocular Pressure Changes in Normal and Moderately Hypertensive Post Menopausal Women

C¹,

Sushma²,

Damodar³

et al. 2013

jemds

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BACKGROUND: Elevated Intraocular Pressure (IOP) causes a mechanical stress situation, leading to damage of neurons in retina and their axons resulting in progressive loss of visual field and blindness seen in Glaucoma. Changes in IOP are directly and significantly associated with changes in systemic blood pressures. Blood pressure increases with age in most populations, especially so after menopause. Menopausal women with hypertension are at increased risk of developing elevated IOP. There are limited data about association of moderate changes in blood pressure that often go with treatment for hypertension with IOP. This work was undertaken to study the effect of moderate systemic hypertension on IOP in postmenopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 40 Normotensive and 40 Hypertensive postmenopausal women participated in the study. All participants satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria and gave informed consent. Participants underwent detailed clinical and ophthalmologic examination and IOPs were measured using Schiotz Indentation Tonometer. RESULTS: Mean IOP was 15.28+/-2.54 mmHg in normotensive and 19.47+/-3.37 mmHg, in moderately Hypertensive women. IOP was significantly increased (P<0.001**) among the hypertensive post menopausal women compared to normotensives. Subjects with higher SBP had significantly higher IOP (p < 0.001). The mean IOP also showed a significant correlation (p value of 0.001**) to the total number of years after attainment of menopause. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated IOP was seen in postmenopausal women with moderate hypertension associated with treatment. It is therefore essential that postmenopausal hypertensive women are screened regularly for increases in IOP, the only modifiable risk factor for Glaucoma. KEY WORDS: Elevated Intraocular pressure, moderate hypertension, post menopausal women, Glaucoma, Schiotz Indentation Tonometer, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (6) It is also seen that changes in IOP are directly and significantly associated with changes in systemic blood pressure. (7,8) In India more than 60 million women are in the age of 55 yrs because of aging population.(9) With women living longer than before, a majority would spend one third of their life in postmenopausal age. Blood pressure increases with age in most populations, especially after menopause there is a sharp increase in the prevalence of hypertension in women. (10) It is evident that postmenopausal women are at increased risk of developing elevated IOP and glaucoma because of presence of multiple risk factors mentioned above. It is seen that of those with glaucomatous visual field loss, less than 50% have received an appropriate diagnosis or treatment according to population surveys. (11,12) Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in women.(13) and medical intervention has been successful in lowering blood pressure and the subsequent risk of the systemic sequel of high blood pressure. There are limited data about association of IOP to moderate changes ...

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Is Open-Angle Glaucoma Associated with Early Menopause? : The Rotterdam Study

Cited by 123 publications

References 29 publications

Oestrogen, ocular function and low-level vision: a review

Oestrogen, ocular function and low-level vision: a review

The Effects of Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy on Quality and Quantity of Tear, Intraocular Pressure and Ocular Blood Flow

Intraocular Pressure Changes in Normal and Moderately Hypertensive Post Menopausal Women

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