Objective: Objective of this study was to determine if there was any neuroprotective effect of Abelmoschus esculentus L and its role in preventing memory loss during stressful conditions. Methods: The powder of A. esculentus L. pods was extracted with methanol and was used for evaluating anti-stress activity in experimental mice groups. The five experimental mice groups, namely, control, stress control, animals treated with extract followed by exposure to stress, animals exposed to stress followed by extract treatment, and mice groups treated with diazepam was evaluated. Biomarkers included were cortisol, brain homogenate acetylcholine esterase (AchE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). In conjugation, working memory and reference memory were also studied in all animal groups by radial arm maze test, and results were recorded as the percentage of alteration score (PAS). Results: The concentration of stress indicators such as cortisol, MDA, and AchE activity was significantly elevated in stress control animals and associated with deficit working and reference memory. However, SOD was reduced in stressed mice and increased in treatment groups compared to the control mice. The anti-stress activity of A. esculentus L. pods was significantly correlated with higher working memory and reference memory with 1.33±0.51 and 1.17±0.40 PAS in pre-stress and post-stress treated mice groups, respectively. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of A. esculentus L. pods revealed the excellent anti-stress potential and also played a significant role in enhancing both working memory and reference memory in mice.
BACKGROUND: Elevated Intraocular Pressure (IOP) causes a mechanical stress situation, leading to damage of neurons in retina and their axons resulting in progressive loss of visual field and blindness seen in Glaucoma. Changes in IOP are directly and significantly associated with changes in systemic blood pressures. Blood pressure increases with age in most populations, especially so after menopause. Menopausal women with hypertension are at increased risk of developing elevated IOP. There are limited data about association of moderate changes in blood pressure that often go with treatment for hypertension with IOP. This work was undertaken to study the effect of moderate systemic hypertension on IOP in postmenopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 40 Normotensive and 40 Hypertensive postmenopausal women participated in the study. All participants satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria and gave informed consent. Participants underwent detailed clinical and ophthalmologic examination and IOPs were measured using Schiotz Indentation Tonometer. RESULTS: Mean IOP was 15.28+/-2.54 mmHg in normotensive and 19.47+/-3.37 mmHg, in moderately Hypertensive women. IOP was significantly increased (P<0.001**) among the hypertensive post menopausal women compared to normotensives. Subjects with higher SBP had significantly higher IOP (p < 0.001). The mean IOP also showed a significant correlation (p value of 0.001**) to the total number of years after attainment of menopause. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated IOP was seen in postmenopausal women with moderate hypertension associated with treatment. It is therefore essential that postmenopausal hypertensive women are screened regularly for increases in IOP, the only modifiable risk factor for Glaucoma. KEY WORDS: Elevated Intraocular pressure, moderate hypertension, post menopausal women, Glaucoma, Schiotz Indentation Tonometer, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (6) It is also seen that changes in IOP are directly and significantly associated with changes in systemic blood pressure. (7,8) In India more than 60 million women are in the age of 55 yrs because of aging population.(9) With women living longer than before, a majority would spend one third of their life in postmenopausal age. Blood pressure increases with age in most populations, especially after menopause there is a sharp increase in the prevalence of hypertension in women. (10) It is evident that postmenopausal women are at increased risk of developing elevated IOP and glaucoma because of presence of multiple risk factors mentioned above. It is seen that of those with glaucomatous visual field loss, less than 50% have received an appropriate diagnosis or treatment according to population surveys. (11,12) Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in women.(13) and medical intervention has been successful in lowering blood pressure and the subsequent risk of the systemic sequel of high blood pressure. There are limited data about association of IOP to moderate changes ...
BACKGROUND: The refractive state of the human eye is dependent on the balance of change in eye size and refractive components, namely, the cornea and crystalline lens. The axial length (AL) is the distance from the corneal surface to an interference peak corresponding to the retinal pigment epithelium. Myopia is one of the most common causes of visual impairment worldwide. It is proved in earlier studies that the eye shape is different in myopic and non-myopic children even at a very young age. AIM: The present study was conducted to compare the axial lengths of eye in myopes and emmetropes. MATERIALS & METHODS: Study comprised of Healthy individuals visiting for routine eye checkup and clinically diagnosed Myopia patients visiting outpatient department of Ophthalmology at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore. Sample size was 380. A-Scan Biometry was used to determine the Axial Length of the eye. We compared axial length of eye in myopes & emmetropes. RESULTS: Out of 380 subjects 278 were myopes & 102 were emmetropes. Majority of the subjects (45.6%) belong to age group between 21-30years. Axial length was significantly (p<0.05) more in myopes (24.25±0.96) than emmetropes (23.52±0.96) in both the eyes. CONCLUSION: A greater AL of the eye was observed in the ccase group examined. Hence, axial lengthening is the main morphological factor related to myopia.
BACKGROUND: Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecologic disorder among female adolescents, with a prevalence of 60% to 93%. Primary dysmenorrhea, painful menstruation without pelvic abnormalities, may be associated with vomiting, fatigue, back pain, headaches, dizziness, and diarrhoea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a comparative and cross sectional Study. Thirty one dysmenorrheic women and non dysmenorrheic women between the age group of 18-26 years participated in this study. All participants satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria and gave informed consent. We performed Cold Pressor Test on 1st, 14th and 21st day of menstrual cycle denoting the menstrual phase, late follicular phase and luteal phase on the participants. Radial pulse rate was recorded before and after the Cold Pressor test, expressed in beats per minute. Blood pressure was recorded in sitting position just before and after immersion using sphygmomanometer, expressed as mmHg. RESULTS: The SBP difference was highest in the dysmenorrheic women (10.52±2.68) when compared to non dymenorrheic women (8.52±1.93) on the 1st day which was statistically significant. The SBP change was lowest on the 14th day in the dysmenorrheic women (6.52±2.42) when compared to non dymenorrheic women (3.74±1.00) which is statistically significant. The DBP difference was highest in the dysmenorrheic women (4.90±1.54) when compared to non dymenorrheic women (4.06±0.63) on the 1st day which was moderately significant. The DBP change was lowest on the 14th day in the dysmenorrheic women (4.06±1.50) when compared to non dymenorrheic women (2.26±0.68) which is statistically significant. In dysmenorrheic women, there was difference in pulse rate when comparing the 3 episodes that is 1st, 14th day & 21st day. In non dysmenorrheic women, there was difference in pulse rate when comparing the 3 episodes that is 1st, 14th day & 21st day. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that dysmenorrheic women had increased cardiovascular response to experimental pain across menstrual cycle when compared to non dysmenorrheic women which could be attributed to activation of Sympatho -adrenal medullary system.
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