“…As a composite-based approach to SEM, PLS–SEM combines indicators linearly to create composite variables, which are proxies of the concepts under investigation (Ghasemy et al , 2020). There is growing popularity of deploying PLS–SEM application on different disciplines, including information technology (Leong et al , 2020), knowledge management (Cepeda-Carrion et al , 2019), human resources (Ringle et al , 2020), non-profit organizations (Tan et al , 2019a), higher education (Ghasemy et al , 2020) and tourism (Ali et al , 2018). However, there is limited literature in using PLS–SEM for music festival-related studies.…”