Ionic liquid-based graphene oxide-coated fiber for headspace-solid phasemicroextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

Abstract

Ionic liquid (IL) containing amino and vinyl terminated imidazolium cation and bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] imide anion-functionalized graphene oxide (GO) coating material was prepared and coated on a stainless steel wire by a sol-gel technique for headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Its extraction performance was checked by HS-SPME of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extraction capability of the IL-functionalized GO-coated fiber was comparable with that of the commercial fibers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polydimethylsiloxane/carboxen/divinylbenzene (PDMS/CAR/DVB). Under the optimized conditions, such as extraction temperature, extraction time, and salting-out, the proposed HS-SPME-GC-MS method presented a wide working range from 0.003 to 40 µ g L −1 with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.996, low detection limits from 1 to 5 ng L −1 , and good precision less than 7%. The fiber-to-fiber repeatability was in the range of 0.2%-6.9%. The recoveries for 8 PAHs using the novel and commercial fibers in tap and seawater samples were obtained very close to each other and were in the range of 75.4% to 116.0%.

Role of Ionic Liquids in Composites in Analytical Sample Preparation

“…In this case, the carbon materials are used as a support for the synthesis of MPs increasing the surface area of the material, and then, the magnetic carbon material is subsequently modified with the IL. Regarding the type of carbonaceous materials used in the extraction schemes to prepare the composite, most of the studies use GO [58,62,64,65,95,[97][98][99][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113], followed by G [57,63,100,102,114], while a few have reported the use of SWCNTs [96] and MWCNTs [59,60,77,101]. This may be due to the easy preparation of GO and G in comparison with the three-dimensional structures.…”

“…Regarding the ILs, the vast majority of C-ILs materials use the more conventional and easily tunable imidazolium-based ILs [57][58][59][60][62][63][64]95,[97][98][99][100][101][102][103]105,106,[108][109][110][111][112][113][114], but guanidinium-based [65,107] and DABCO-based ILs [96] have also been used. With regards to the anions, both hydrophilic ILs with halide anions [58,[61][62][63]65,77,95,96,98,100,106,110,112,113] and hydrophobic ILs with [PF 6 − ] as an anion have been reported [57,59,60,64,97,99,[101]…”

“…Amounts of the sorbents ranging between 2 and 80 mg have been employed in µ-dSPE and m-µ-dSPE methods, while the SPE cartridges were prepared using packing 200 mg of the composites. They have been mainly used for the determination of heavy metals [59,60,97,99,[103][104][105]112], pollutants [57,58,61,106,109,110,113], pesticides [63,95,101,102], drugs [96,98,107,108], hormones [64,114], microcystins [100], and phenolic acids [111], in a wide variety of samples, including water [60,61,63,95,[99][100][101]103,105,109,110,112,113], food [64,99,102,104,106,110,111,…”

Graphene Oxide-Ionic Liquid Used As Solid-Phase Microextraction Coating For Polyphenolic Compounds' Extraction And Determination With GC-MS After On-Fiber Derivatization In Wine

“…References concerning the SPME-GC-MS method using only commercial fibers are available for some polyphenolic compounds such as resveratrol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid, and protocatechuic acid (28)(29)(30). SPME fibers coated with graphene oxide modified with ionic liquids having vinyl-and benzylimidazolium by sol-gel technique have been performed and used for extraction and determination of phthalate esters and polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water and coffee samples in our previous studies (18,32). In this work, the extraction performance of coating possessing graphene oxide modified with aminoterminated methylimidazolium cation was evaluated for the analysis of twelve P.C.s (syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapinic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, chlorogenic acid, resveratrol, and gallic acid) in wine using direct immersion-SPME coupled with GC-MS.…”