Ionic conductivity threshold in sulfonated poly (phenylene oxide) matrices: a combination of three-phase model and percolation theory

Structural effects on metal ion migration across polymer inclusion membranes: Dependence of transport profiles on nature of active plasticizer

“…On the other hand, the values obtained for the threshold parameters follow the order: NP > TBEP ≈ NPOE, indicating a progressive transition in the homogeneity of the distribution of the conducting sites in that order. As for Φ c , it has been reported that for a 3D continuous random system, its value is 0.15, but it may be larger if clusters of the conducting sites flocculate into several well-isolated regions or it may be smaller if they spread out into an extended network [33]. As observed in the present case, all values are greater than 0.15 indicating that the transport sites are isolated along the PIMs.…”

Molecular dynamics simulation analysis of hydration effects on microstructure and transport dynamics in sulfonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) fuel cell membranes

“…SPPO membranes, in pure and composite as well as blend forms, have been subject of intensive experimental studies as important alternative membranes for applications in fuel cells since they have proved high mechanical and thermal properties and possess simple structure suitable for various modification processes [6,9]. Tongwen et al investigated ionic conductivity behavior of SPPO membranes by percolation theory and three-phase model (TPM) [10]. They obtained the highest conductivity of 0.015 S/cm for 28.7% sulfonation level.…”

Fouling resistant nanocomposite cation exchange membrane with enhanced power generation for reverse electrodialysis

“…PPO is an attractive and proven candidate with good chemical and thermal stability as well as mechanical properties [28,[47][48][49]. SPPO, which is produced by introducing sulfonic acid groups into the PPO polymer chains through sulfonation reactions, has been extensively used for synthesizing CEMs [28,48,50,51]. O-MWCNTs were chosen due to their enhanced dispersion property and better chemical compatibility with polymers compared to pristine CNTs.…”