Involvement of the human cerebellum during habituation of the acoustic startle response: A PET study

Timmann, Dagmar; Musso, Christina; Kolb, Florian P.; Rijntjes, Michel; Jüptner, Markus; Müller, Stefan; Diener, Hans Christoph; Weiller, Cornelius

doi:10.1136/jnnp.65.5.771

Cited by 41 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This is in line with prior PET and fMRI studies, especially by Timmann and her group [Dimitrova et al, 2002;Pissiota et al, 2002;Timmann et al, 1998]. As part of the core network as identified by the conjunction analysis PA, PPI, and PPF, the left crus1 and lobule VI left are active in our data.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…4a,b). The vermis is implicated in affective processing and behavior [Maschke et al, 2003;Stoodley and Schmahmann, 2009;Timmann et al, 1998]. The cerebellum contributes to the startle reflex and its modification in three domains, in the sensorimotor domain, in the cognitive domain, and in the affective domain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the results of animal research [Braff et al, 2001] and available neuroimaging studies we hypothesize a pontine network connecting via thalamus and striatum to prefrontal, parietal, and temporal cortical areas [Goldman et al, 2006;Hazlett et al, 1998Hazlett et al, , 2001Kumari et al, 2003aKumari et al, ,b,c, 2007. This network will receive additional contributions from the cerebellum, the hippocampus, amygdala, insula, and cingulate cortex [Braff et al, 2001;Campbell et al, 2007;Goldman et al, 2006;Hazlett et al, 1998Hazlett et al, , 2001Hazlett et al, , 2008Kumari et al, 2003a,b,c;Timmann et al, 1998]. b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrophysiology meets fMRI: Neural correlates of the startle reflex assessed by simultaneous EMG–fMRI data acquisition

Neuner¹,

Stöcker²,

Kellermann³

et al. 2010

Human Brain Mapping

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The startle reflex provides a unique tool for the investigation of sensorimotor gating and information processing. Simultaneous EMG-fMRI acquisition (i.e., online stimulation and recording in the MR environment) allows for the quantitative assessment of the neuronal correlates of the startle reflex and its modulations on a single trial level. This serves as the backbone for a startle response informed fMRI analysis, which is fed by data acquired in the same brain at the same time. We here present the first MR study using a single trial approach with simultaneous acquired EMG and fMRI data on the human startle response in 15 healthy young men. It investigates the neural correlates for isolated air puff startle pulses (PA), prepulse-pulse inhibition (PPI), and prepulse facilitation (PPF). We identified a common core network engaged by all three conditions (PA, PPI, and PPF), consisting of bilateral primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, right insula, right thalamus, right temporal pole, middle cingulate cortex, and cerebellum. The cerebellar vermis exhibits distinct activation patterns between the startle modifications. It is differentially activated with the highest amplitude for PPF, a lower activation for PA, and lowest for PPI. The orbital frontal cortex exhibits a differential activation pattern, not for the type of startle response but for the amplitude modification. For pulse alone it is close to zero; for PPI it is activated. This is in contrast to PPF where it shows deactivation. In addition, the thalamus, the cerebellum, and the anterior cingulate cortex add to the modulation of the startle reflex.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrophysiology meets fMRI: Neural correlates of the startle reflex assessed by simultaneous EMG–fMRI data acquisition

Neuner¹,

Stöcker²,

Kellermann³

et al. 2010

Human Brain Mapping

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“…Increased activity was seen in the precuneus (BA 7), which has been observed in other tinnitus studies [Andersson et al, 2000;Giraud et al, 1999;Mirz et al, 1999], and is commonly attributed to auditory attention. Activation was also observed in cerebellum which has been implicated in habituation [Timmann et al, 1998], but also focused auditory attention [Benedict et al, 1998]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of Suppressing Thoughts about Tinnitus and the Effects of Cognitive Distraction on Brain Activity in Tinnitus Patients

et al. 2006

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Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of any appropriate external stimulus. Based on the clinical observation that tinnitus patients may distract themselves from their sounds, we performed an experimental test on the effects of suppressing thoughts about tinnitus with 45 tinnitus patients, to systematically evaluate the immediate consequences of suppressing thought vs. attending to tinnitus. Suppression instructions tended to lead to a subsequent decrease in tinnitus-related thoughts, whereas attention to tinnitus resulted in an increase in such thoughts. No effects were seen in a control group who neither suppressed nor attended to their tinnitus. In an independent positron emission tomography study of cerebral blood flow with 8 patients we found that silent backward counting (‘serial sevens test’) led to a decrease in neural activity in auditory cortex, as well as perceived decrease of tinnitus loudness and annoyance. Thus, distraction that altered the tinnitus experience seemed to attenuate auditory cortex activity.

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“…In case of partly impaired short-term habituation in FD, the dysfunction could hypothetically result from impaired synaptic depression by cerebellar input of brainstem interneurons localized in the pontine reticular formation. There is evidence from recent imaging studies that the process of habituation might reflect a decrease in tonic activity on reticular neurons subserving startle responses during the process of habituation [20, 21]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habituation of the Auditory Startle Response in Cervical Dystonia and Parkinson’s Disease

Putzki

Graf²,

Stude³

et al. 2008

Eur Neurol

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The auditory startle response (ASR) is a brainstem reflex elicited by an unexpected acoustic stimulus. In focal dystonia (FD), the excitability of brainstem neurons is abnormally enhanced. To identify a possible impact of this pathology on the processing of acoustic stimuli, we studied the habituation of the ASR in patients (n = 11) with FD and compared the findings to those of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD; n = 11) and controls (n = 11). Latencies in FD patients did not differ from those of controls but were delayed in PD patients compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Habituation was normal at the orbicularis oculi muscles but reduced at the sternocleidomastoid muscles in FD (p = 0.005). Habituation in PD was comparable to controls. Normal latencies and sequence activation indicate intact neural pathways mediating the ASR in FD. Impaired habituation of the ASR points towards a reduced inhibition of acoustic stimuli in FD.

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Involvement of the human cerebellum during habituation of the acoustic startle response: A PET study

Cited by 41 publications

References 16 publications

Electrophysiology meets fMRI: Neural correlates of the startle reflex assessed by simultaneous EMG–fMRI data acquisition

Electrophysiology meets fMRI: Neural correlates of the startle reflex assessed by simultaneous EMG–fMRI data acquisition

Consequences of Suppressing Thoughts about Tinnitus and the Effects of Cognitive Distraction on Brain Activity in Tinnitus Patients

Habituation of the Auditory Startle Response in Cervical Dystonia and Parkinson’s Disease

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