“…By mechanical clinching, the joining processes for two sheets of similar materials such as aluminium alloy sheets [ 29 , 30 ], steel sheets [ 31 , 32 ] and die-quenched steel sheets [ 33 , 34 ] have been developed. The joining processes for dissimilar materials such an aluminium alloy sheet and mild steel sheet [ 35 ], a mild steel sheet and aluminium casting [ 36 ], an aluminium alloy sheet and high strength steel sheet [ 37 ], an aluminium alloy sheet and ultra-high strength steel sheet [ 38 ], an aluminium alloy sheet and die-quenched steel sheet [ 39 , 40 ] and a carbon fiber-reinforced plastic and aluminium alloy sheet [ 41 , 42 ] have been developed. Although the mechanical clinching processes in these works may involve additional processes such as heating or the use of a pre-punched hole, it becomes possible to join many sheet combinations in the automobile body.…”