Investigation of the Threshold for Allergic Reactivity to Chromium.

Basketter, David A.; Merims, Sharon; Horev, Liran; Slodovnik, D.; Trattner, Akiva; Ingber, Arieh

doi:10.1097/01206501-200106000-00022

Cited by 29 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…The results should be interpreted in the context of dose-response elicitation data. One of 14 chromiumallergic patients reacted to ∼1 ppm Cr(VI) under occlusion (20), whereas the patch test threshold was 10 ppm when 17 chromium-allergic patients were patchtested on normal skin (7). In the presence of an irritant, the threshold level was reduced to 1 ppm in 2 of 17 patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Chromium in leather footwear-risk assessment of chromium allergy and dermatitis

et al. 2012

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Background. Chromium-tanned leather footwear, which releases >3 ppm hexavalent Cr(VI), may pose a risk of sensitizing and eliciting allergic dermatitis. Objectives. To determine the content and potential release of chromium in leather footwear and to discuss the prevention of chromium contact allergy and dermatitis. Methods. Sixty pairs of leather shoes, sandals and boots (20 children's, 20 men's, and 20 women's) were purchased in Copenhagen and examined with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Chromium was extracted according to the International Standard, ISO 17075. The detection level for Cr(VI) was 3 ppm. Results. Chromium was identified in 95% of leather footwear products, the median content being 1.7% (range 0-3.3%). No association with store category or footwear category was found. A tendency for there to be a higher chromium content in footwear with high prices was shown (p trend = 0.001). Cr(VI) was extracted from 44% of 18 footwear products, and, in three items, more than 10 ppm was extracted. One shoe had 62 ppm Cr(VI) extracted. Sandals seemed to be over-represented among footwear with detectable Cr(VI). Cr(III) extraction reached a median value of 152 ppm. Conclusions. Most leather footwear contained chromium. Cr(VI) was extracted from a high proportion of leather footwear; this poses a risk of sensitization.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…was 10 ppm when 17 chromium-allergic patients were patch-tested on normal skin, and that the presence of an irritant lowered the threshold level to only 1 ppm in two patients (7).…”

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confidence: 92%

Chromium in leather footwear-risk assessment of chromium allergy and dermatitis

et al. 2012

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“…There are also studies implicating other sources of exposure to Cr(VI) with a capacity to induce sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. Historically, household products (27), detergents and bleaches (28) were considered to be potential Cr(VI) sources, but, at present, cosmetics such as eye shadow (29,30), tattoo ink (31), chromated metal alloys (32,33) sealant hardeners used in the aircraft industry (34) and implants and prostheses (35,36) are the most important sources apart from cement and leather. One should at least consider these alternative sources of exposure when investigating the clinical relevance in patients reacting positively to Cr(VI).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective investigation of hexavalent chromium allergy in southern Sweden

et al. 2018

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“…(111) The difference between MLN-type ACDER models estimated for the complete Cr(VI) and Cr(III) data sets examined, compared to simpler and (shape-wise) similar LN models estimated for Ni and five organic sensitizers, may in part be attributable to inclusion of irritation responses together with ACD responses, particularly in the higher-load portion of the Cr(VI)-and Cr(III)specific data sets modeled, in view of difficulty in distinguishing these two types of patch test reaction particularly in the case of Cr-associated ACD. (57,58,(62)(63)(64)66,(111)(112)(113)(114) This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the MLN models estimated for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) incorporate: (1) identical GSD 2 shape parameters, which under this hypothesis characterize the distribution of Cr-specific irritation responses observed at relatively higher Cr loads; and (2) the same GSD o shape parameter estimated for Ni and five organic sensitizers, which under this hypothesis characterizes the distribution of Cr-elicited ACD responses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Risks of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Elicited by Nickel, Chromium, and Organic Sensitizers: Quantitative Models Based on Clinical Patch Test Data

Bogen

Garry

2017

Risk Analysis

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Risks of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from consumer products intended for extended (nonpiercing) dermal contact are regulated by E.U. Directive EN 1811 that limits released Ni to a weekly equivalent dermal load of ≤0.5 μg/cm . Similar approaches for thousands of known organic sensitizers are hampered by inability to quantify respective ACD-elicitation risk levels. To help address this gap, normalized values of cumulative risk for eliciting a positive ("≥+") clinical patch test response reported in 12 studies for a total of n = 625 Ni-sensitized patients were modeled in relation to observed ACD-eliciting Ni loads, yielding an approximate lognormal (LN) distribution with a geometric mean and standard deviation of GM = 15 μg/cm and GSD = 8.0, respectively. Such data for five sensitizers (including formaldehyde and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) were also ∼LN distributed, but with a common GSD value equal to GSD and with heterogeneous sensitizer-specific GM values each defining a respective ACD-eliciting potency GM /GM relative to Ni. Such potencies were also estimated for nine (meth)acrylates by applying this general LN ACD-elicitation risk model to respective sets of fewer data. ACD-elicitation risk patterns observed for Cr(VI) (n = 417) and Cr(III) (n = 78) were fit to mixed-LN models in which ∼30% and ∼40% of the most sensitive responders, respectively, were estimated to exhibit a LN response also governed by GSD . The observed common LN-response shape parameter GSD may reflect a common underlying ACD mechanism and suggests a common interim approach to quantitative ACD-elicitation risk assessment based on available clinical data.

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Investigation of the Threshold for Allergic Reactivity to Chromium.

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Chromium in leather footwear-risk assessment of chromium allergy and dermatitis

Chromium in leather footwear-risk assessment of chromium allergy and dermatitis

A retrospective investigation of hexavalent chromium allergy in southern Sweden

Risks of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Elicited by Nickel, Chromium, and Organic Sensitizers: Quantitative Models Based on Clinical Patch Test Data

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