Investigation of Electrical Time Domain Reflectometry for infusion and cure monitoring in combination with electrically conductive fibers and tooling materials

Buchmann, Christopher; Filsinger, Jürgen; Ladstätter, E.

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.02.060

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In many cases, visual monitoring is used to validate other measurement techniques [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ]. Its main limitation is the impossibility of observing flow inside the composite structure, especially when a large sample is considered; however, it remains the simplest and most cost-effective method for permeability measurement.…”

Section: Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

2023

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Liquid composite molding (LCM) is a class of fast and cheap processes suitable for the fabrication of large parts with good geometrical and mechanical properties. One of the main steps in an LCM process is represented by the filling stage, during which a reinforcing fiber preform is impregnated with a low-viscosity resin. Darcy’s permeability is the key property for the filling stage, not usually available and depending on several factors. Permeability is also essential in computational modeling to reduce costly trial-and-error procedures during composite manufacturing. This review aims to present the most used and recent methods for permeability measurement. Several solutions, introduced to monitor resin flow within the preform and to calculate the in-plane and out-of-plane permeability, will be presented. Finally, the new trends toward reliable methods based mainly on non-invasive and possibly integrated sensors will be described.

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Section: Measurement Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

2023

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“…8 Many methods have been developed to monitor the process of manufacturing composite structures. Sensors used in these methods, each has its own advantages and disadvantages, including the direct current sensing (DC), 9 dielectric sensor, 10,11 point-voltage sensors, 12 electrical time domain reflectometry (ETDR), 13 optical fiber, [14][15][16][17] piezo-resistive fabrics, 18 thermocouples, 19 pressure transducers, 20 piezoelectric transducers 21,22 and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-situ monitoring of liquid composite molding process using piezoelectric sensor network

Qing

Liu

Wang

2020

Structural Health Monitoring

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The excellent properties of advanced composite materials provide great opportunities for making industrial structures large-scale and intelligent. Liquid composite molding process is suitable for manufacturing complex large-scale composite structures and has the potential for low cost and mass production. In present work, the concept of Networked Elements for Resin Visualization and Evaluation network was developed to measure and monitor the manufacturing process in-situ. This paper investigates the capability of piezoelectric lead-zirconate-titanate sensors in the Networked Elements for Resin Visualization and Evaluation network to monitor two important parameters in liquid composite molding process, including the resin flow front and the progress of the reaction. The piezoelectric lead-zirconate-titanate sensor network can be integrated with a composite structure either installed on the interface between the mold and laminates or embedded inside the laminates during the liquid composite molding process. Experimental results demonstrated that the liquid composite molding process can be effectively monitored by the embedded Networked Elements for Resin Visualization and Evaluation network with a piezoelectric lead-zirconate-titanate sensor network.

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“…The point sensing methods such as point‐voltage sensors (impedance), [ 10 ] thermocouples [ 11 ] and pressure transducers [ 12 ] have low accuracy and quite unfeasible due to the need of monitoring large‐scale sample and placing sensors at many discrete locations. [ 13 ] The lineal sensing methods such as direct current, [ 14 ] electrical time domain reflectometry, [ 15 ] optical fiber [ 16–19 ] are fragile and expensive, and the information obtained by lineal sensing is quite limited. The areal sensing methods include dielectric sensor, [ 20–22 ] piezo‐resistive fabrics, [ 23 ] piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) [ 24–27 ] and son on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of resin flow front and degree of cure in vacuum‐assisted resin infusion process using multifunctional piezoelectric sensor network

Xiao

Zhu

et al. 2020

Polymer Composites

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Vacuum assisted resin infusion (VARI) has attracted more and more attentions in the aerospace field and the monitoring of the process variables has been one of the milestones for most aerospace companies. This study focuses on monitoring the flow front and curing degree of the resin in‐suit using a piezoelectric (PZT) sensor network. In the resin transfer stage, the propagation characteristics of Lamb waves were extracted from different paths to characterize the resin flow front, and the quadratic regression models of three variables were established. In the resin cure stage, the leaky Lamb waves and electromechanical impedance based on PZT sensors were simultaneously adopted to monitor the degree of cure of the resin globally and locally, respectively. The differential scanning calorimeter analysis was carried to see the compatibility among different methods for the curing degree. Experimental results demonstrated that it was feasible to monitor the flow front and curing degree of resin in VARI process using Lamb waves and electromechanical impedance based on a multifunctional piezoelectric sensor network.

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Investigation of Electrical Time Domain Reflectometry for infusion and cure monitoring in combination with electrically conductive fibers and tooling materials

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

In-situ monitoring of liquid composite molding process using piezoelectric sensor network

Monitoring of resin flow front and degree of cure in vacuum‐assisted resin infusion process using multifunctional piezoelectric sensor network

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