“…A Plethora of evidence in the literature substantiates the development of AKI in cardiac patients undergoing open heart surgery, where the subjects commonly experienced ischemia-reperfusion-associated abnormalities. This enhanced the risk of mortality by 5-fold for these patients [ 4 , [36] , [37] , [38] ]. Similarly, many studies have documented the cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing dialysis and those who developed AKI [ 39 ].…”