Prediction value of regional oxygen saturation in intestine and kidney for acute kidney injury in children with congenital heart disease after surgery

The Potential Use of Near- and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy in Kidney Diseases

“…In children, young age, low weight, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and postoperative hemodynamic instability are well-documented risk factors [ 52 , 53 , 54 ]. In order to identify more precisely those who are at risk and enable earlier detection and intervention, novel biomarkers of kidney injury have been developed: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C, L-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), interleukin-8 (IL-8), insulin-like growth-factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP-7), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP 2) [ 46 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. However, none of these tests can be performed in real-time [ 50 , 55 ].…”

“…However, NIR technology is not used during cardiac surgery for the monitoring of kidney function in clinical practice, yet it could serve as a possible solution for the earlier detection of CSA-AKI [ 45 , 46 , 61 ]. In multiple studies [ 50 , 55 , 58 , 61 , 62 , 63 ], CSA-AKI has been linked to lower renal rSO 2 values both intra-operatively (i.o.) and during the first 48 h postoperatively (p.o.)…”

“…In addition to the value of renal rSO 2 measurements, some studies have investigated the use of intestinal, cerebral, and thigh rSO 2 quantification [ 55 , 62 , 67 ]. A prospective cohort study of 57 children who underwent CHD surgery investigated the added value of intestinal and cerebral rSO 2 .…”

“…Both renal and intestinal rSO 2 values were significantly lower in AKI patients at 48 h p.o. (both p < 0.01) [ 55 ]. However, no significant decrease in cerebral rSO 2 was observed in patients with AKI [ 55 , 62 ].…”

“…(both p < 0.01) [ 55 ]. However, no significant decrease in cerebral rSO 2 was observed in patients with AKI [ 55 , 62 ]. Intestinal rSO 2 has the potential to be used as an index to predict AKI within 24 h following surgery.…”