“…For instance, where some studies have measured religion through religious affiliation (Dollar & Roberta, 1999; Fish, 2002; Schnabel, 2016), others have used religiosity or the degree of religious belief/practice as an independent variable (Glick et al, 2016; Perales & Bouma, 2019; Seguino, 2011). Whereas some researchers focus on attitudes toward gender roles or patriarchal values (Glick et al, 2016; Moore & Vanneman, 2003; Perales & Bouma, 2019; Sateemae et al, 2017), others examine gender equality through measures such as employment and literacy gaps (Anyanwu, 2016; Baliamoune-Lutz, 2007; Dollar & Roberta, 1999; Fish, 2002). Regardless of such variations, existing research tends to argue either that religious affiliation and high degrees of religiosity reinforce patriarchy (Perales & Bouma, 2019; Schnabel, 2016; Seguino, 2011), or that some religions are more patriarchal than others (Anyanwu, 2016; Fish, 2002; Glick et al, 2016).…”