Investigating Potential Differences between Cocaine Users and Distributors Using the Ion Mobility Spectrometer

Abstract

CONNICKThis article examines the possibility ofusing the ion mobility spectrometer (lMS) to discern the difference betweon persons who distribute cocaine and those who do not distribute cocaine based on their patterns of cocaine contamination. Criminal justice practitioners who monitor offenders rely primarily upon urinalysis to detect drug use by their clientele. However, since drug distribution Is a profitable enterprise for many, persons may continue to engage In drug sales even after desisting from use. In this paper we attempt to determine whether or not a distinct contamination profile exists for persons who admit continued involvement in drug sales and drug sales and use when contrasted to those who deny drug sales but continue to use or deny any drug involvement whatsoever. The findings of our examination and analysis are only moderately supportive of the discernable difference between users and distributors but sufficient, in our view, to continue examining the technology for 8 potential application to this problem.

Cocaine Detection by a Laser-Induced Immunofluorometric Biosensor

“…Several excellent reviews have been published to give a broad insight into conventional and emerging techniques for the detection of illegal drugs and their metabolites. Reviews or other papers covering the detection of drugs, e.g., via the testing of hair [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], the use of molecularly imprinted polymers [ 10 , 11 ], aptamers [ 12 ], ion mobility spectrometry [ 10 , 11 ], mass spectrometry [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], hybrid methods [ 18 ], electrochemical methods [ 19 , 20 ], biosensors [ 12 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ], and immunoassays [ 35 , 36 , 37 ] have been published. Quite popular in analytical chemistry was the detection of cocaine on banknotes [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ].…”

Cocaine Detection by a Laser-induced Immunofluorometric Biosensor

“…Several excellent reviews have been published to give a broad insight over conventional and emerging techniques for the detection of illegal drugs and their metabolites. Reviews or other papers covering the detection of drugs, e.g via the testing of hair [3][4][5][6], the use of molecularly imprinted polymers [7,8], aptamers [9], ion mobility spectrometry [10,11], mass spectrometry [12][13][14][15][16], hybrid methods [17], electrochemical methods [18,19], biosensors [9,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] and immunoassays [34][35][36] have been published. Quite popular in analytical chemistry was the detection of cocaine on banknotes [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44].…”

Drug Testing and Community Supervision Outcomes

“…Scholars and policy-makers frequently note a relationship between substance abuse and delinquency, criminal behavior, and community supervision outcomes (Bennett et al, 2008; Hawken et al, 2014; White & Gorman, 2000). Despite the extensive research on the relationship between substance use and crime, the causal mechanisms of this relationships are not exactly clear (see White & Gorman, 2000), and there are important variations in this relationship depending on individual and community characteristics, the specific substance, and the type of criminal behavior (Bennett et al, 2008; e.g., Britt et al, 1992; Cartier et al, 2006; Mieczowski et al, 2000; Pedersen & Skardhamar, 2009). Nevertheless, a substantial body of research finds a relationship between substance abuse, especially opiates, cocaine, and other “hard” drugs, and criminal activity and negative outcomes in community supervision in the United States and other Western countries (Bennett et al, 2008; Butken et al, 2011; Hearnden, 2000; Horyniak et al, 2016; Pierce et al, 2015).…”