Inverted ITO- and PEDOT:PSS-free polymer solar cells with high power conversion efficiency

Kohlstädt, Markus; Grein, Maria; Reinecke, Patrick; Kroyer, Thomas; Zimmermann, Birger; Würfel, Uli

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2013.05.023

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…[114][115][116][117] In these DMD electrodes, the intermediate thin metal layer provides the electrical conductance for the entire structure, whereas the two dielectric layers improve the overall transparency due to optical interference within the multilayer structure and the surface plasmonic effects at the two metal/dielectric interfaces. 44,[118][119][120] As shown in Figs.…”

Section: Dielectric/thin-metal/dielectric Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices: a review

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Transparent conductive electrodes are one of the essential components for organic optoelectronic devices, including photovoltaic cells and light-emitting diodes. Indium-tin oxide (ITO) is the most common transparent electrode in these devices due to its excellent optical and electrical properties. However, the manufacturing of ITO film requires precious raw materials and expensive processes, which limits their compatibility with mass production of large-area, low-cost devices. The optical/electrical properties of ITO are strongly dependent on the deposition processes and treatment conditions, whereas its brittleness and the potential damage to underlying films during deposition also present challenges for its use in flexible devices. Recently, several other transparent conductive materials, which have various degrees of success relative to commercial applications have been developed to address these issues. Starting from the basic properties of ITO and the effect of various ITO surface modification methods, here we review four different groups of materials, doped metal oxides, thin metals, conducting polymers, and nanomaterials (including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and metal nanowires), that have been reported as transparent electrodes in organic optoelectronic materials. Particular emphasis is given to their optical/electrical and other material properties, deposition techniques, and applications in organic optoelectronic devices.

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Section: Dielectric/thin-metal/dielectric Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices: a review

et al. 2014

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“…43 The most commonly used transparent electrodes in various photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices are doped metal oxides, especially ITO, which tends to be costly and brittle. 44 [62][63][64][65]128 and microgrid electrodes. 66 The fabrication methods conventionally employed for metal films with periodic hole arrays have limited their widespread use as transparent electrodes.…”

Section: Transparent Plasmonic Front Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10(a) and 10(b)] that could be employed in a roll-to-roll processing procedure as described earlier. The TCO-metal-TCO multilayers have been fabricated through sequential linear facing target sputtering for the TCO layers and thermal evaporation for the metal layer 62,64,65 and have typically used Ag as the metal, [62][63][64][65]128 although Cu has also been studied due to its lower cost and comparable conductivity to Ag. 65 Ag nanowires (AgNWs) are typically synthesized in solution and can exhibit atomically smooth surfaces with resistivities approaching that of bulk silver.…”

Section: Transparent Plasmonic Front Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmonic electrodes for bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaics: a review

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Here, we review recent progress on the integration of plasmonic electrodes into bulkheterojunction organic photovoltaic devices. Plasmonic electrodes, consisting of thin films of metallic nanostructures, can exhibit a number of optical, electrical, and morphological effects that can be exploited to improve performance parameters of ultrathin photovoltaic active layers. We review the various types of plasmonic electrodes that have been incorporated into organic photovoltaics such as nanohole, nanowire, and nanoparticle arrays and grating electrodes and their impact on various device performance parameters. The use of plasmonic back electrodes can impact device performance in a number of ways because the mechanisms of performance improvements are often a complex combination of optical, electrical, and structural effects. Inverted bulk heterojunction device architectures have been shown to benefit from the multifunctionality of plasmonic back electrodes as they can minimize space-charge effects and reduce hole carrier collection lengths in addition to providing improved light localization in the active layer. The use of semi-transparent plasmonic electrodes can also be beneficial for organic photovoltaics as they can exhibit a variety of optical properties such as light scattering, light localization, extraordinary transmission of light, and absorption-induced transparency, in addition to providing an alternative to metal oxide-based transparent electrodes. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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“…Recently, increasing effort has been achieved by seeking for alternatives to indium tin oxide (ITO). [6][7][8][9][10][11] Additionally there are some attempts such as doped conjugated polymers such as polyanilines, polypyrroles or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly-(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) [12][13][14] to replace the vacuum evaporated metal. However, they are usually characterized by lower electrical conductivity and poorer electrical/thermal stability.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dip‐Coated Gold Nanoparticle Electrodes for Aqueous‐Solution‐Processed Large‐Area Solar Cells

Chen

et al. 2014

Advanced Energy Materials

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gold NPs monolayer was introduced on the interface between the water and n-hexane and then dip-coating technique was adopted to generate a large area gold NPs fi lm ( Scheme 1 ). Fabricating a 2D gold fi lm by this water/oil method was proposed in past work. [ 24,25 ] However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the fi rst time to investigate it as an electrode for solar cells. It is worth noting that when 15 nm and 35 nm gold NPs were used to generate the multilayer gold fi lms, thermal treatment was required to avoid the dissolution of gold fi lm by subsequent dip-coating process. Nevertheless, in the case of 60nm gold NPs, stewing the fi lm in air for a while was enough for the next layer dip-coating. We attribute this phenomenon to the different solubility of gold NPs with varying size. Relatively, the smaller NPs have more citrate ions capped than the bigger NPs and possess better solubility. Upon annealing, the gold NPs fi lm would experience processes of melting, interparticle coalescence and dewetting, [ 26 ] thus making it more hydrophobic. As for the 60 nm gold NPs, with less citrate ions capping, lower solubility and larger size made the fi lm difficult to dissolve in water after stewing in the air for a while.The electric resistance of gold fi lms with different NP sizes and different dip-coated layers (1, 2, 3, and 4) was investigated previously. Figure 1 shows the electric resistance of the gold NPs fi lms measured by the four-point probe meter. Detailed information is shown in Table 1 . The electric resistance decreases dramatically when the layer number of gold fi lms increases. In the case of the 60 nm gold NPs, the electric resistance values are 897 Ω/ٗ, 4.5 Ω/ٗ, 2 Ω/ٗ and 1.3 Ω/ٗ respectively for 1 to 4 layers. To illustrate this relationship, TEM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterizations ( Figure 2 ) are conducted. For one layer, the gold nanoparticles are assembled incompactly with inhomogeneously interparticle distances, which are adverse for electron transfer. Due to the inhomogeneous arrangement of NPs in the monolayer, the R s values show slight fl uctuation when different positions of the fi lms are measured. As more layers are dip-coated, the interparticle distances become much smaller, which is in accordance with the decrease in R s . Moreover, the R s values measured in different positions of the fi lms become more stable. The gold fi lms with three layers and four layers show similar R s values, both of which are very small. As shown

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Inverted ITO- and PEDOT:PSS-free polymer solar cells with high power conversion efficiency

Cited by 32 publications

References 69 publications

Transparent electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices: a review

Transparent electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices: a review

Plasmonic electrodes for bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaics: a review

Dip‐Coated Gold Nanoparticle Electrodes for Aqueous‐Solution‐Processed Large‐Area Solar Cells

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