Transparent electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices: a review

Cao, Weiran; Li, Jian; Chen, Hongzheng; Xue, Jiangeng

doi:10.1117/1.jpe.4.040990

Cited by 281 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 246 publications

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“…In OLEDs, SPPs can be excited due to the close proximity between the metal/dielectric interface and the radiation source. Commonly at least the opaque bottom electrode in topemitting OLEDs is produced from metal, because of the convenient large broadband reflectivity and simplicity in fabrication 7,19,38 although there have been attempts to fabricate semi-transparent top contacts from sputtered transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) or polymers.…”

Section: Theoretical Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced light emission from top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes by optimizing surface plasmon polariton losses

et al. 2015

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We demonstrate enhanced light extraction for monochrome top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The enhancement by a factor of 1.2 compared to a reference sample is caused by the use of a hole transport layer (HTL) material possessing a low refractive index (∼ 1.52). The low refractive index reduces the in-plane wave vector of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) excited at the interface between the bottom opaque metallic electrode (anode) and the HTL. The shift of the SPP dispersion relation decreases the power dissipated into lost evanescent excitations and thus increases the outcoupling efficiency, although the SPP remains constant in intensity. The proposed method is suitable for emitter materials owning isotropic orientation of the transition dipole moments as well as anisotropic, preferentially horizontal orientation, resulting in comparable enhancement factors. Furthermore, for sufficiently low refractive indices of the HTL material, the SPP can be modeled as a propagating plane wave within other organic materials in the optical microcavity. Thus, by applying further extraction methods, such as micro lenses or Bragg gratings, it would become feasible to obtain even higher enhancements of the light extraction.

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Section: Theoretical Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced light emission from top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes by optimizing surface plasmon polariton losses

et al. 2015

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“…There have been several previous reviews that cover either PSCs or MeNW electrodes. [15,16,31,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] For this reason, a brief overview of PSCs and MeNWs is given in this section.…”

Section: Overview For Pscs and Menw-network Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Significant advancement Review wileyonlinelibrary.com metal nanowires. [16] These candidate materials are compatible with solution-based deposition methods, and their intrinsic or structural transparency allows for low-cost deployment as a window electrode for PSCs. Among such candidates, there is a consensus that MeNW-based electrodes have the most potential to meet the requirements of optoelectronic devices, to a level comparable with ITOs, in terms of both sheet resistance and optical transparency, as well as solution-processability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal‐Nanowire‐Electrode‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenging Issues and New Opportunities

Ahn

Hwang

Jeong

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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in PSCs has been accomplished within a relatively short period of time, owing to OMHP's merits for low-cost, large-area, flexible photovoltaic applications; these merits include (i) the precursor chemicals, including organic ammonium halides and lead (tin) halides, for synthesizing the OMHP materials are cost-effective, and the OMHP layers can be readily prepared by simple wet-chemical approaches such as a spin coating or a slot-die coating process; (ii) the processing temperatures are relatively low, below 150 °C, for the formation of well-crystalized OMHP layers, in contrast to other thin-film-based solar cells; (iii) both the high absorption coefficients [6] and high carrier mobilities [7] suggest promising possibilities for highperformance photoactive materials. The PCE certified by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) reached 22.1% in 2016, [8] which is either comparable to or outperforms the PCEs of other next-generation thin-film solar cells, including CIGS(Se) (22.3%), CZTS/Se (12.6%), CdTe (22.1%), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs, 11.5%).Apart from the race to achieve higher PCE, other important research has been directed toward the development of lead-free OMHP layers, [9] large-area device fabrication, [10,11] a methodology of achieving long-term stability against moisture and irradiation, [12,13] and a way of recycling constituent cell materials. [14] Another fascinating research topic concerns the electrodes for PSCs. To date, vacuum-deposited transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and fluorinated tin oxide (FTO), have been used widely as a large-area window electrode through which light passes. However, TCOs have received criticism in terms of their fabrication cost, brittleness, and the scarcity of raw materials (especially, the indium in ITO). [15] Opaque noble metal electrodes (Au, Ag), which are usually used as a back contact, are also fabricated with a costly vacuum-assisted deposition process. From the viewpoint of cost-effectiveness, both transparent and opaque conventional electrodes apparently represent predominant impediments to the high-throughput fabrication of PSCs, giving rise to a significant demand to replace these conventional electrodes with alternatives.To date, a variety of alternative electrodes have been reported in the literature.

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“…Metal oxides are sometimes used as charge injection layers as well as for the anode, and their use in OLEDs has recently been reviewed. 312 Individual red, green, and blue emitting layers can also be used, and the generated light is transmitted through the bottom transparent electrode and glass substrate. For lighting applications, a high luminance is required, resulting in a high operating voltage due to the low charge carrier mobilities in organic semiconductors.…”

Section: Progress In Organic Light-emitting Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of photonics in energy

et al. 2015

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Abstract. In celebration of the 2015 International Year of Light, we highlight major breakthroughs in photonics for energy conversion and conservation. The section on energy conversion discusses the role of light in solar light harvesting for electrical and thermal power generation; chemical energy conversion and fuel generation; as well as photonic sensors for energy applications. The section on energy conservation focuses on solid-state lighting, flat-panel displays, and optical communications and interconnects.

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Transparent electrodes for organic optoelectronic devices: a review

Cited by 281 publications

References 246 publications

Enhanced light emission from top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes by optimizing surface plasmon polariton losses

Enhanced light emission from top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes by optimizing surface plasmon polariton losses

Metal‐Nanowire‐Electrode‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenging Issues and New Opportunities

The role of photonics in energy

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