Inverse relationship between genetic diversity and epigenetic complexity

Abstract

Early studies of molecular evolution revealed a correlation between genetic distance and time of species divergence. This observation provoked the molecular clock hypothesis and in turn the 'Neutral Theory', which however remains an incomplete explanation since it predicts a constant mutation rate per generation whereas empirical evidence suggests a constant rate per year.

Collective effects of common single nucleotide polymorphisms and genetic risk prediction in type 1 diabetes

“…These results further strengthened the observation that human genetic diversities are presently under balancing selection. [15][16][17][18][19][37][38][39] These studies on MAC are consistent with the recently proposed omnigenic model of complex traits and identify a practical method to study the collective effects of numerous SNPs. 40 T1D has been reported to be more common in males.…”

Modern human origins: multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA

“…The core concept of the MGD theory, maximum genetic diversity, is a priori expected and supported by numerous facts (20,28,29). In contrast, the Neutral theory and its infinite site model fail to take MGD into account and tacitly assumes that nearly all observed genetic distances/diversities could still increase with time with no limit defined (30,31).…”

The Genetic Codes: Mathematical Formulae and an Inverse Symmetry-Information Relationship

“…In the (minor) case of the odd multiplets, it is almost well verified. This inverse relationship is globally nicely verified in all the variants shown in the table and is, of course, by construction, exactly reproduced, through our Equations (1)- (18). We can also mention another inverse global relationship concerning also the frequencies and the multiplets.…”

“…In the field of genomics, an inverse relationship between genome size and mutation rates has been observed in 1991 by Drake and is known as Drake's rule [17]. Huang [18], reported an inverse relationship between genetic diversity and epigenetic complexity. With respect to the subject in our Section 3 above, we have also an inverse relationship between the frequencies and the multiplets; recall that, in our mathematical construction, the frequencies are in accordance with a geometrical progression when the multiplets are inversely ordered by an arithmetical progression, and this construction fits exactly the (experimental) distribution of the codons in all the genetic codes studied.…”

“…The various genetic codes, including the standard one, are arranged according to decreasing stop codons numbers (given in the last column), from 4 to 1, and we see that there are four categories, noted C i . If one takes, in each category, the product of the frequencies by the corresponding multiplets numbers, he/she finds the total number of coding codons, as it is indicated in the second line following each one of the Equations (1)- (18). On the other hand, as there is always a total of 64 codons, the number of stop codons is equal to 64 minus the total number of coding codons; this is precisely what is indicated in the fourth column.…”