Modern human origins: multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA

Abstract

Recent studies have established that genetic diversities are mostly maintained by selection, therefore rendering the present molecular model of human origins untenable. Using improved methods and public data, we have revisited human evolution and derived an age of 1.91-1.96 million years for the first split in modern human autosomes. We found evidence of modern Y and mtDNA originating in East Asia and dispersing via hybridization with archaic humans. Analyses of autosomes, Y and mtDNA all suggest that Denisovan like humans were archaic Africans with Eurasian admixtures and ancestors of South Asia Negritos and Aboriginal Australians. Verifying our model, we found more ancestry of Southern Chinese from Hunan in Africans relative to other East Asian groups examined. These results suggest multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA, thereby leading to a coherent account of modern human origins.

Collective effects of common SNPs and improved risk prediction in lung cancer

“…Our study here further strengthens our intuitive hypothesis that a complex and ordered system must have an optimum limit on the level of randomness or entropy in its building parts or DNAs and the observation that human genetic diversities are presently at optimum level 20,[37][38][39][40] . While it may only take one or a few major effect errors to cause diseases, it would require the collective effects of a large number of minor effect errors in many different pathways to achieve a similar outcome.…”

Collective effects of common single nucleotide polymorphisms and genetic risk prediction in type 1 diabetes

“…These results further strengthened the observation that human genetic diversities are presently under balancing selection. [15][16][17][18][19][37][38][39] These studies on MAC are consistent with the recently proposed omnigenic model of complex traits and identify a practical method to study the collective effects of numerous SNPs. 40 T1D has been reported to be more common in males.…”

Accumulation of Minor Alleles of Common SNPs in Schizophrenia

“…Recent studies have shown that a much larger than expected portion of the human genome may be functional (Fung et al, 2014;Hu et al, 2013;Sauna and Kimchi-Sarfaty, 2011). Genetic diversities are at saturation levels as indicated by the observation that higher fractions of fast evolving SNPs are shared between different human groups (Yuan et al, 2017). This raises the question of what selection forces are keeping genetic diversity levels from increasing with time.…”