Inverse Emulsion Copolymerization of Acrylamide and 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt for Preparing Water-Soluble Drag Reduction Additives

Self-Soluble Hydrophobically Associating Polyacrylamide Inverse Emulsions with Extraordinary Thickening Properties

“…Moreover, another drawback of powdery PAM products is the slow dissolution rate due to their tendency to form lumps once contacted with water; and in some extreme cases, some HAPAMs become insoluble because of their strong hydrophobic associations. Thus, as an alternative polymerization method, heterogeneous water-in-oil inverse emulsion polymerization was applied to prepare PAMs, enabling high-molecular-weight products with high polymer concentration and rapid dissolution. − …”

Synthesis of water-soluble ionic terpolymers by inverse microemulsion and solution polymerization methods

“…14 The microemulsion method allows not only to obtain polyacrylamides or polyacrylates with high molecular weight up to 20 Â 10 6 Da (ref. [15][16][17] by RAFT polymerization 18 or controlled/ living radical polymerization, 19 but also acrylamide copolymers 2, [20][21][22] and terpolymers 6,20,[23][24][25] even by the semicontinuous or continuous methods. [26][27][28][29][30][31] So, copolymers based on acrylamide and quaternary ammonium dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate or dimethylaminoethyl acrylate have been synthesized by means of inverse emulsion polymerization in batch and semi-batch reactors using 3-4% of emulsier and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) 32 and dual redox ammonium persulfate/sodium bisulte as initiators.…”

“…The microemulsion method allows not only to obtain polyacrylamides or polyacrylates with high molecular weight up to 20 × 10 6 Da (ref. 15–17) by RAFT polymerization 18 or controlled/living radical polymerization, 19 but also acrylamide copolymers 2,20–22 and terpolymers 6,20,23–25 even by the semicontinuous or continuous methods. 26–31…”

Preparation and evaluation of acryloyl morpholine modified emulsion fracturing fluid thickener with high temperature resistance and salt resistance

“…In view of the problems of poor dissolution of powder thickeners and the fracturing fluid were needed to be prepared in advance, researchers had developed emulsion polymer thickeners with rapid dissolution rate, which were suitable for large‐scale continuous mixing on site 24 . Wei et al 25,26 developed water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsion polymer using acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylamide‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid, and dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride, the dissolution time of the polymer was less than 3 min at 25°C, which ensured the online continuous mixing of slick water fracturing fluids, the drag reduction rate of polymer reached 70% at a salinity of 2.5 × 10 4 mg/L.…”

“…[20][21][22][23] In view of the problems of poor dissolution of powder thickeners and the fracturing fluid were needed to be prepared in advance, researchers had developed emulsion polymer thickeners with rapid dissolution rate, which were suitable for large-scale continuous mixing on site. 24 Wei et al 25,26 developed water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion polymer using acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, and dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride, the dissolution time of the polymer was less than 3 min at 25 C, which ensured the online continuous mixing of slick water fracturing fluids, the drag reduction rate of polymer reached 70% at a salinity of 2.5 Â 10 4 mg/L. Ma et al 27 prepared an emulsion polymer by reverse emulsion polymerization, the polymer had high salinity tolerance and drag reduction with drag reducing rate over 70%, and dissolution time was shorter than 60 s in condition of 30 Â 10 4 mg/L salt at 25 C. Polymers prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization were mainly used as drag reducers individually, and there were few reports about emulsion polymers as thickeners used with crosslinking agent for the high temperature formation hydraulic fracturing applications.…”