Water/oil emulsions are formed in oil wells because of the presence of natural surfactants, such as asphaltenes and resins. These molecules strongly stabilize the water/oil interface and prevent coalescence of water droplets. Because water/oil phase separation is necessary before oil refining, surfactants are used to break water/oil emulsions. Herein, surface-active ionic liquids were synthesized and evaluated for the first time as demulsifier agents for water-in-crude oil emulsions of light, heavy, and ultra-heavy Mexican crude oil under conventional and microwave dielectric heating. The use of microwave irradiation accelerated and increased significantly the efficiency of demulsification of ultra-heavy crude oil emulsion.

Five imidazolium-type ionic liquids, containing both N1 unsaturated and N3 long alkyl saturated chains as cations and bromide as anion (IL1–IL5), were obtained by conventional and microwave synthesis. Compounds were tested in aqueous 1 M H2SO4 as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel. Weight loss and polarization curves indicated that inhibition efficiency increased with concentration, which turns out to be dependent on alkyl chain size linked to N3 (IL4 > IL3 > IL1 > IL2 > IL5). The relatively high inhibitory properties (88–95%) displayed by IL4 within 25–40 °C were ascribed to a chemisorption process that involved the following: the adsorption of protonated imidazolium molecules on both the anodic and cathodic sites, the latter in competition with hydrogen ions to mitigate hydrogen evolution; and also the formation of π bond with iron by the CN group from imidazolium ring (this way inhibitor produced more than one center of adsorption action). Surface analysis indicated a considerable reduction of corrosion products after the addition of IL4.

Compounds of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), derived from imidazole with different alkylic chain lengths located in the third position of the imidazolium ring (poly(1-vinyl-3-dodecyl-imidazolium) (PImC12), poly(1-vinyl-3-octylimidazolium) (PImC8) and poly(1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium) (PImC4) hexafluorophosphate) were synthesized. These compounds were tested as corrosion inhibitors on aluminum alloy AA6061 in diluted sulfuric acid (0.1–1 M H2SO4) by weight loss tests, polarization resistance measurements and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Langmuir’s isotherms suggested film formation on bare alloy while standard free energy indicated inhibition by a physisorption process. However, compound efficiencies as inhibitors ranked low (PImC12 > PImC8 > PImC4) to reach 61% for PImC12 in highly diluted acidic solution. Apparently, the high mobility of sulfates favored their adsorption in comparison to PILs. The surface film displayed general corrosion, and pitting occurred as a consequence of PILs’ partial inhibition along with a continuous dissolution of defective patchy film on formation. A slight improvement in efficiency was displayed by compounds having high molecular weight and a long alkyl chain, as a consequence of steric hindrance and PIL interactions.

Seventy five ionic liquids (ILs) were tested as a sequestering agent of sulfured compounds in natural gasoline (NG). Desulphurization of NG was performed by means of liquid-liquid extraction method at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Experimental ILs containing imidazolium, pyridinium, and ammonium cations along with organic and inorganic anions were synthesized conventionally and under microwave and sonochemical conditions. The effect of the molecular structure of ILs on the desulfurization efficiency of NG with high sulfur content was evaluated. Analysis indicated that the anion type played a more important role than the cation on the desulphurization process. ILs based on halogen-ferrates and halogen-aluminates exhibited the highest efficiency in sulfur removal, and their efficiency is further improved when there is an excess of metallic salt in a ratio of at least 1:1.3 during the synthesis of the corresponding IL. An explanation for the ability of metallic ILs to remove sulfur-containing compounds from natural gasoline based on the ratio of the ionic charge to the atomic radius is proposed. Furthermore, a method to recover and reuse water-sensitive to halogenated precursors is described.

No abstract

Modelado de la biodegradación en biorreactores de lodos de hidrocarburos totales del petróleo intemperizados en suelos y sedimentos (Biodegradation modeling of sludge bioreactors of total petroleum hydrocarbons weathering in soil and sediments)

No abstract

No abstract