Inhibition of structure II hydrates formation by salt-tolerant N-vinyl lactam-based terpolymers

Reza, Joel; Trejo, Arturo; Rebolledo-Libreros, Marı́a Esther; Guzmán‐Lucero, Diego

doi:10.1016/j.jngse.2018.05.039

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…The morphology of the crystals in the absence and presence of ILs was also recorded using a camera and reported. More details about the method can be found elsewhere [ 66 , 67 , 72 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Thiouronium-Based Ionic Liquids on the Formation and Growth of CO2 (sI) and THF (sII) Hydrates

Soromenho¹,

Keba²,

Esperança³

et al. 2022

IJMS

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In this manuscript, two thiouronium-based ionic liquids (ILs), namely 2-ethylthiouronium bromide [C2th][Br] and 2-(hydroxyethyl)thiouronium bromide [C2OHth][Br], were tested at different concentrations (1 and 10 wt%) for their ability to affect CO2 (sI) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) (sII) hydrate formation and growth. Two different methods were selected to perform a thermodynamic and kinetic screening of the CO2 hydrates using a rocking cell apparatus: (i) an isochoric pressure search method to map the hydrate phase behavior and (ii) a constant ramping method to obtain the hydrate formation and dissociation onset temperatures. A THF hydrate crystal growth method was also used to determine the effectiveness of the ILs in altering the growth of type sII hydrates at atmospheric pressure. Hydrate–liquid–vapor equilibrium measurements revealed that both ILs act as thermodynamic inhibitors at 10 wt% and suppress the CO2 hydrate equilibria ~1.2 °C. The constant ramping methodology provides interesting results and reveals that [C2OHth][Br] suppresses the nucleation onset temperature and delays the decomposition onset temperatures of CO2 hydrates at 1 wt%, whereas suppression by [C2th][Br] was not statistically significant. Normalized pressure plots indicate that the presence of the ILs slowed down the growth as well as the decomposition rates of CO2 hydrates due to the lower quantity of hydrate formed in the presence of 1 wt% ILs. The ILs were also found to be effective in inhibiting the growth of type sII THF hydrates without affecting their morphology. Therefore, the studied thiouronium ILs can be used as potential dual-function hydrate inhibitors. This work also emphasizes the importance of the methods and conditions used to screen an additive for altering hydrate formation and growth.

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“…The morphology of the crystals in the absence and presence of ILs was also recorded using a camera and reported. More details about the method can be found elsewhere [ 66 , 67 , 72 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Thiouronium-Based Ionic Liquids on the Formation and Growth of CO2 (sI) and THF (sII) Hydrates

Soromenho¹,

Keba²,

Esperança³

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…Homo/copolymers of cyclic amides are generally synthesized using conventional free-radical polymerization. ,,, Although any flask can be used as the polymerization reaction vessel, a Schlenk flask is typically used. ,− It has a side arm connected to a gas line that replaces the air (having the reactive oxygen) inside the flask with an inert gas like nitrogen for air-sensitive chemical reactions . The flask is immersed in a water bath and is generally fitted with a reflux condenser.…”

Section: Khis Based On Cyclic Amidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The initial step is to mix the desired monomer to be polymerized with four to five times its weight with a solvent. , The solvents generally used are organic solvents like propanol, , ethanol, dioxane, ,,− or dimethylformamide. − Subsequently, 1–20 wt % of the radical initiator is added. The radical initiator in most cases is 2,2′-azobis (2-methylpropionitrile) (AIBN). ,,,− After that, because the presence of oxygen is detrimental to the reaction, , the system is degassed and sealed under the protection of nitrogen. , Procedures like the freeze–pump–thaw method , or a high vacuum line are used for the degassing process. The freeze–pump–thaw method is more efficient; , however, a high vacuum line is commonly used because of its simplicity. , The reaction mixture is then vigorously stirred at 800–1000 rpm, ,, preferably using a magnetic stirrer at high temperatures between 60 and 80 °C for 16–20 h − for the monomer molecules to polymerize.…”

Section: Khis Based On Cyclic Amidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Solvents are removed afterward under reduced pressure by a vacuum rotary evaporator to leave the precipitate. ,,,− The precipitate is washed with anhydrous ethyl ether, , ethyl acetate, , n -hexane, and diethyl ether to remove the residual initiator and residual monomer. The precipitate is finally dried in a vacuum oven − to yield the solid product, which is the polymer.…”

Section: Khis Based On Cyclic Amidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polymers based on cyclic amides (lactams) and acrylamide were the first commercially available and used KHIs. ,,− Numerous homo/co/terpolymers of cyclic amides (lactams) and acrylamide have been synthesized and tested for hydrate inhibition over the past two decades by several researchers. Thus a review of these KHIs is inescapable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors Based on Cyclic Amides and Effect of Various Synergists

Singh

Suri

2021

Energy Fuels

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This Review presents a comprehensive literature review of an important class of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) that is based on cyclic amides (lactams). The major aspects of the KHIs, such as their synthesis, inhibition mechanism, toxicity, biodegradability, performance, and cloud point, are thoroughly discussed. Data for 70 KHIs made of homo/co/terpolymers from 330 experiments are collected and evaluated for performance. The effects of the inhibitor concentration, molecular weight, monomer ratio of the co/terpolymers, and 35 different synergist chemicals on various KHIs are also studied. In conclusion, the top 10 KHIs with the highest performances that had a cloud point above 70 °C are presented. The copolymer (1:1) N-vinylpyrrolidone/N-vinyl-caprolactam (VP/VCap) is found to have the highest induction time (IT) of 13 to 14 h at 0.25 wt % and at a cooling rate of 1 °C/h. Some KHIs like Inhibex BIO-800 and poly(N-vinyl azacyclooctanone) (PVACO) also have a very high ITs (17 and 13.5 h, respectively) at 0.25 wt % and at a cooling rate of 1 °C/h, but they have low cloud points (<25 °C). Guanidinium salts (n-Bu6GuanCl/n-Bu6GuanBr) and a phosphonium salt, (n-Pe)4PBr, are found to be the best synergists for the cyclic-amide-based KHIs. When used at 0.15 to 0.30 wt % along with the KHIs, they further increase the IT by 3–5 h.

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Hydration Behavior of Polylactam Clathrate Hydrate Inhibitors and theirSmall‐MoleculeModel Compounds

Chambers¹,

Hall²,

Musa³

et al. 2021

Handbook of Pyrrolidone and Caprolactam Based Materials

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Inhibition of structure II hydrates formation by salt-tolerant N-vinyl lactam-based terpolymers

Cited by 14 publications

References 64 publications

Effect of Thiouronium-Based Ionic Liquids on the Formation and Growth of CO2 (sI) and THF (sII) Hydrates

Effect of Thiouronium-Based Ionic Liquids on the Formation and Growth of CO2 (sI) and THF (sII) Hydrates

Review of Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors Based on Cyclic Amides and Effect of Various Synergists

Hydration Behavior of Polylactam Clathrate Hydrate Inhibitors and theirSmall‐MoleculeModel Compounds

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