Inventory and mitigation opportunities for HFC-134a emissions from nonprofessional automotive service

Zhan, Tao; Potts, Winston; Collins, John; Austin, Jeff

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.051

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…It is a technically suitable replacement for HFC-134a, although there are safety concerns of importance to vehicle manufacturers (Hill, 2003). If the quantities estimated by Zhan et al (2014) were met using HFC-152a diverted from the retail trade in technical aerosols, some 10 to 20 Gg yr −1 of HFC-152a could be released into the atmosphere from this source alone.…”

Section: Us Estimated Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH3CHF2) from in situ and air archive observations

Simmonds¹,

Rigby²,

Manning³

et al. 2015

Preprint

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Abstract. High frequency, ground-based, in situ measurements from eleven globally-distributed sites covering 1994–2014, combined with measurements of archived air samples dating from 1978 onward and atmospheric transport models, have been used to estimate the growth of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH3CHF2) mole fractions in the atmosphere and the global emissions required to derive the observed growth. HFC-152a is a significant greenhouse gas but since it does not contain chlorine or bromine, HFC-152a makes no direct contribution to the destruction of stratospheric ozone and is therefore used as a substitute for the ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). HFC-152a has exhibited substantial atmospheric growth since the first measurements reaching a maximum annualised global growth rate of 0.81 ± 0.05 ppt yr−1 in 2006, implying a substantial increase in emissions up to 2006. However, since 2007, the annualised rate of growth has slowed to 0.38 ± 0.04 ppt yr−1 in 2010 with a further decline to an average rate of change in 2013–2014 of −0.06 ± 0.05 ppt yr−1. The average Northern Hemisphere (NH) mixing ratio in 1994 was 1.2 ppt rising to a mixing ratio of 10.2 ppt in December 2014. Average annual mixing ratios in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) in 1994 and 2014 were 0.34 and 4.4 ppt, respectively. We estimate global emissions of HFC-152a have risen from 7.3 ± 5.6 Gg yr−1 in 1994 to a maximum of 54.4 ± 17.1 Gg yr−1 in 2011, declining to 52.5 ± 20.1 Gg yr−1 in 2014 or 7.2 ± 2.8 Tg-CO2 eq yr−1. Analysis of mixing ratio enhancements above regional background atmospheric levels suggests substantial emissions from North America, Asia and Europe. Global HFC emissions (so called "bottom up" emissions) reported by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are based on cumulative national emission data reported to the UNFCCC, which in turn are based on national consumption data. There appears to be a significant underestimate of "bottom-up" global emissions of HFC-152a, possibly arising from largely underestimated USA emissions and undeclared Asian emissions.

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Section: Us Estimated Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH3CHF2) from in situ and air archive observations

Simmonds¹,

Rigby²,

Manning³

et al. 2015

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is a technically suitable replacement for HFC134a, although there are safety concerns of importance to vehicle manufacturers (Hill, 2003). If the quantities estimated by Zhan et al (2014) were met using HFC-152a diverted from the retail trade in technical aerosols, some 10 to 20 Gg yr −1 of HFC-152a could be released into the atmosphere from this source alone.…”

Section: Us Estimated Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These were the historic uses in Europe and Japan and resulted in emissions 10 times less than those estimated for the US. However, in the US, do-it-yourself (DIY) refilling of car air conditioners is not only permitted but thriving (Zhan et al, 2014), with an estimated 24 million DIY refilling operations attempted each year. The practice is banned in Europe (OJ, 2014).…”

Section: Us Estimated Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH3CHF2) from in situ and air archive observations

et al. 2016

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Abstract. High frequency, in situ observations from 11 globally distributed sites for the period 1994-2014 and archived air measurements dating from 1978 onward have been used to determine the global growth rate of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH 3 CHF 2 ). These observations have been combined with a range of atmospheric transport models to derive global emission estimates in a topdown approach.

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“…Refrigerant losses from trucks and machines in the process can also be highlighted as the main HFC emitting sources of milk processing. Refrigerant leakages can be occurred during operations and standstill periods due to permeation through hoses and diffusion past fittings and seals (Zhan et al, 2014). Typically, raw milk is delivered by insulated refrigerated trucks with tanks from one or more farms to a processor.…”

Section: Hydrochlorofluorocarbon Emission In Milk Processing Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrofluorocarbon (Hfc) Management Framework for Low Carbon Industrial Facilities: Milk Processing Industry in Sri Lanka

Karunathilaka¹,

Mallawaarachchi²,

Rathnayake³

2021

Proceedings of the 9th World Construction Symposium 2021 on Reshaping Construction: Strategic, Structural and Cultural Transfor

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Milk processing industry consumes hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) at a great extent. Emission of HFC distresses the food security, water security and the future of healthy living beings. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to propose strategies to improve the HFC management practices in Sri Lankan milk processing industry. Case study method was involved under qualitative phenomenon. Thus, three case studies were selected based on the HFC handling process. Nine milk processing agencies representing three importers and distributors, three milk processors and three service providers were selected to collect the data. Case analysis technique was used for data analysis. Findings revealed that, lack of institutional and national level procedures, unstable governmental policies, and lack of technology have increased the unhealthy handling of HFC in milk processing industry in Sri Lanka. Initiating a national level mechanism for governing HFC importers and service providers, empowering inventers for creating sustainable applications over HFC use and improving awareness were identified as key strategies to eliminate the identified issues under organisational and national level. Accordingly, a framework was proposed, which provides a platform to investigate the status of HFC handling procedure of milk processing industry in Sri Lanka. Since there is a lack of national level concern on managing HFC use in milk processing industry, having a formal framework at national level to govern both national and institutional level procedures was determined as a vital step forward to be considered.

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Inventory and mitigation opportunities for HFC-134a emissions from nonprofessional automotive service

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH<sub>3</sub>CHF<sub>2</sub>) from in situ and air archive observations

Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH<sub>3</sub>CHF<sub>2</sub>) from in situ and air archive observations

Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH<sub>3</sub>CHF<sub>2</sub>) from in situ and air archive observations

Hydrofluorocarbon (Hfc) Management Framework for Low Carbon Industrial Facilities: Milk Processing Industry in Sri Lanka

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Inventory and mitigation opportunities for HFC-134a emissions from nonprofessional automotive service

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) from in situ and air archive observations

Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) from in situ and air archive observations

Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CHF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) from in situ and air archive observations

Hydrofluorocarbon (Hfc) Management Framework for Low Carbon Industrial Facilities: Milk Processing Industry in Sri Lanka

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Product

Resources

About

Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH<sub>3</sub>CHF<sub>2</sub>) from in situ and air archive observations

Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH<sub>3</sub>CHF<sub>2</sub>) from in situ and air archive observations

Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH<sub>3</sub>CHF<sub>2</sub>) from in situ and air archive observations