Intravascular behavior of a perfluorochemical emulsion.

Tsuda, Yoshio; Yamanouchi, Kohichi; Okamoto, Hiroyuki; Yokoyama, Kazumasa; Heldebrant, Charles M.

doi:10.1248/bpb1978.13.165

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Due to their enormous capacity for dissolving gases, fluorocarbons (FCs) are being developed as synthetic oxygen carriers (“blood substitutes”). − Additionally, FC-based formulations have been employed in targeted therapeutics and molecular imaging applications. − To prevent formation of fatal emboli following intravascular administration, the FC must first be emulsified in a water continuous phase. Clearance of emulsion droplets from the vascular compartment by monocytes and macrophages is controlled to a large extent by the size of the dispersed droplets. , Rapid clearance of emulsion droplets by the reticuloendothelial system may be accompanied by flulike symptoms (e.g., fever, chills) resulting from the release of metabolites of the arachidonic acid cascade (e.g., thromboxanes, prostaglandins, and interleukins) . The magnitude of the fever is significantly muted for particles <200 nm .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clearance of emulsion droplets from the vascular compartment by monocytes and macrophages is controlled to a large extent by the size of the dispersed droplets. 8,9 Rapid clearance of emulsion droplets by the reticuloendothelial system may be accompanied by flulike symptoms (e.g., fever, chills) resulting from the release of metabolites of the arachidonic acid cascade (e.g., thromboxanes, prostaglandins, and interleukins). 10 The magnitude of the fever is significantly muted for particles <200 nm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Fluorocarbon-in-Water Emulsions With Added Triglyceride

et al. 2004

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Fluorocarbon-in-water emulsions are being explored clinically as synthetic oxygen carriers in general surgery. Stabilizing fluorocarbon emulsions against coarsening is critical in maintaining the biocompatibility of the formulation following intravenous administration. It has been purported that the addition of a small percentage of long-chain triglyceride results in stabilization of fluorocarbon emulsions via formation of a three-phase emulsion. In a three-phase emulsion, the triglyceride forms a layer around the dispersed fluorocarbon, thereby improving the adhesion of the phospholipid surfactant to the dispersed phase. In the present study, we examined the effect of triglyceride addition on the physicochemical characteristics of the resulting complex dispersion. In particular, we examined the particle composition and stability of the dispersed particles using a method which first fractionates (classifies) the different particles prior to sizing (i.e., sedimentation field-flow fractionation). It was determined that the addition of a long-chain triglyceride (soybean oil) results in oil demixing and two distinct populations of emulsion droplets. The presence of the two types of emulsion droplets is not observed via light scattering techniques, since the triglyceride droplets dominate the scattering due to a large difference in the refractive index between the particles and the medium as compared to fluorocarbon droplets. The growth of the fractionated fluorocarbon emulsion droplets was followed over time, and it was found that there was no difference in growth rates with and without added triglyceride. In contrast, addition of medium-chain-triglyceride (MCT) oils results in a single population of emulsion droplets (i.e., a three-phase emulsion). These emulsions are not stable to droplet coalescence, however, as significant penetration of MCT into the phospholipid lipid interfacial layer results in a negative increment in the monolayer spontaneous curvature, thereby favoring water-in-oil emulsions and resulting in destabilization of the emulsion to the effects of terminal heat sterilization or mechanical stress.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Fluorocarbon-in-Water Emulsions With Added Triglyceride

et al. 2004

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“…32 Certain refinements have resulted in greater overall emulsion stability and have led to increased persistence within the intravascular space. 114 A reduction in particle size has decreased viscosity and increased the rate of oxygen release into the local tissue. Higher PFC concentrations can now be achieved, by virtue of a greater fluorocarbon/emulsifier ratio relative to first-generation PFCs.…”

Section: Second-generation Pfc Emulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfluorocarbons: recent developments and implications for neurosurgery

Sakas¹,

Whittaker²,

Crowell³

et al. 1996

Journal of Neurosurgery

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Over the last 30 years, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been extensively investigated as oxygen carriers. Early studies indicated that these compounds could be used as blood substitutes or protective agents against ischemia. Adverse characteristics such as instability, short intravascular half-life, and uncertainties concerning possible toxicity precluded wide clinical application. However, advances in PFC technology have led to the development of improved second-generation oxygen carriers that incorporate well-tolerated emulsifiers (egg-yolk phospholipids). The authors review recent developments in this field and consider the potential role of PFCs in future neurosurgical practice. Diagnostic applications could include their use to assess cerebral blood flow, local oxygen tension, and brain metabolism or to achieve enhanced imaging and precise staging of inflammatory, neoplastic, or vascular disease processes by means of computerized tomography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance studies. Therapeutic applications could include cerebral protection, an adjunctive role in radiotherapy of malignant brain tumors, protection against air embolism, the preservation of organs for transplantation, and ventilatory support in head-injured patients with compromised lung function. In addition, PFCs have been used successfully as a tool in ophthalmic microsurgery and potentially they could fulfill a similar role in microneurosurgery.

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“…However, even with these precautions, according to the period of the sport event and especially during long efforts, the PFCs may be totally excreted and undetectable in expired air. Moreover, excretion rates of PFCs are deeply linked to several parameters as their nature, the quantity injected, the size of the emulsion particles [23,24], the emulsifier [25,26], etc. All these variables could lead to important variations for the analysis of PFCs in expired air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%