Perfluorocarbons: recent developments and implications for neurosurgery

Sakas, Damianos E.; Whittaker, Karl W; Crowell, Robert M.; Zervas, Nicholas T.

doi:10.3171/jns.1996.85.2.0248

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Oxygent TM is a perflubron-based emulsion of tiny particles (about 0.2 µm in diameter vs. about 7.0 µm for red blood cells). The small size of the particles may enable them to travel around blockages in vessels or into very distant capillaries [6], [7]. Microbubbles such as Echovist (Schering Aktien Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany) and Albunex (Mallinckrodt, Inc., St. Louis, MO) have been used as ultrasound CA for 20 years, and the first observation of the contrast-enhancing effect of micro gas bubbles dates back to Gramiak and Sham's paper from 1968.…”

Section: A Perfluorocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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In vivo droplet vaporization for occlusion therapy and phase aberration correction

Kripfgans

Fowlkes

Woydt

et al. 2002

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

127

131

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The objective was to determine whether a transpulmonary droplet emulsion (90%, <6 m diameter) could be used to form large gas bubbles (>30 m) temporarily in vivo. Such bubbles could occlude a targeted capillary bed when used in a large number density. Alternatively, for a very sparse population of droplets, the resulting gas bubbles could serve as point beacons for phase aberration corrections in ultrasonic imaging. Gas bubbles can be made in vivo by acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) of injected, superheated, dodecafluoropentane droplets. Droplets vaporize in an acoustic field whose peak rarefactional pressure exceeds a well-defined threshold [1], [2]. In this new work, it has been found that intraarterial and intravenous injections can be used to introduce the emulsion into the blood stream for subsequent ADV (Band M-mode on a clinical scanner) in situ.Intravenous administration results in a lower gas bubble yield, possibly because of filtering in the lung, dilution in the blood volume, or other circulatory effects. Results show that for occlusion purposes, a reduction in regional blood flow of 34% can be achieved. Individual point beacons with a +24 dB backscatter amplitude relative to white matter were created by intravenous injection and ADV.

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Section: A Perfluorocarbonsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…A possible counteragent for the use of dodecafluoropentane (DDFP) emulsion for occlusion therapy is the property of the perfluorocarbon droplets to carry oxygen [6], [7]. The DDFP emulsion has very small particles (<1 µm Fig.…”

Section: In Vivo M-modementioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo droplet vaporization for occlusion therapy and phase aberration correction

Kripfgans

Fowlkes

Woydt

et al. 2002

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

127

131

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“…Considerable effort has been directed toward improving oxygen delivery by therapies including manipulations of perfusion pressure, 1 improvement of blood rheology, 2 and enhancement of blood oxygen-carrying capacity. [3][4][5] These therapies have been effective in reducing ischemic injury in laboratory animals. For example, Aronowski et al 15 used a rat model of transient focal ischemia to investigate effects of DCLHb on ischemic outcome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A variety of approaches to augment oxygen delivery have been investigated in laboratory models of ischemia, including manipulations of perfusion pressure, 1 blood rheology, 2 and blood oxygen-carrying capacity. [3][4][5] An alternative approach is to increase oxygen release from hemoglobin.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of a Synthetic Allosteric Modifier of Hemoglobin Oxygen Affinity on Outcome From Global Cerebral Ischemia in the Rat

Grocott

Bart

Sheng

et al. 1998

Stroke

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Background and Purpose-Neuronal injury results from an insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain. This experiment examined whether a pharmacologically induced rightward shift of the partial pressure of oxygen at which 50% of hemoglobin is saturated (P50) would improve outcome from either incomplete and/or near-complete forebrain ischemia-induced hypoxia in the rat. Methods-For incomplete ischemia (attenuated electroencephalogram), fasted rats (nϭ17 to 19 per group) were given a synthetic allosteric modifier of hemoglobin affinity for oxygen (RSR13; 150 mg/kg IV) before or immediately after 20 minutes of bilateral carotid occlusion combined with a decrease in mean arterial pressure to 40 mm Hg. For near-complete ischemia (isoelectric electroencephalogram), rats (nϭ15 per group) were given RSR13 (150 mg/kg) at onset of reperfusion after 10 minutes of bilateral carotid occlusion combined with a decrease in mean arterial pressure to 30 mm Hg. In both experiments, control rats were given vehicle (0.9% NaCl IV) only. Outcome (defined as percent dead hippocampal CA1 neurons) was determined at 5 days after ischemia. Results-RSR13 (150 mg/kg) produced a 68% rightward shift of P50 (34Ϯ3 to 57Ϯ8 mm Hg). RSR13 reduced CA1 damage resulting from incomplete ischemia by 28% (Pϭ0.02), but only when administered at the onset of reperfusion. RSR13 had no effect on outcome from near-complete ischemia. Conclusions-A postischemic pharmacologically induced increase in P50 may improve outcome from incomplete global cerebral ischemia. More severe (near-complete) ischemia negates this benefit. (Stroke. 1998;29:1650-1655.)

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“…PFC's ability to increase O 2 delivery is based on its O 2 linear dissociation curve, making theses molecule suitable for efficiently delivering oxygen to compromised ischemic neural tissues and can penetrate microcirculation of poor perfusion, as well as hold the promise of delivering therapy at the time of injury without the need of burdening logistics. 27 A number of animal traumatic injury studies and phase III clinical trials conducted on such emulsions have shown that they can help in preventing the risk of oxygen deficiency in tissues and have shown beneficial effect in both stroke and head injury. [28][29][30][31][32] Oxycyte, an injectable oxygen carrier, is a new generation of PFCs that have better property and fewer side effects, which was developed by Oxygen Biotherapeutics Inc. (Durham, NC).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotective Effects of Perflurocarbon (Oxycyte) after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

Yacoub

Hajec

Stanger

et al. 2014

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in irreversible and permanent neurological deficits and long-term disability. Vasospasm, hemorrhage, and loss of microvessels create an ischemic environment at the site of contusive or compressive SCI and initiate the secondary injury cascades leading to progressive tissue damage and severely decreased functional outcome. Although the initial mechanical destructive events cannot be reversed, secondary injury damage occurs over several hours to weeks, a time frame during which therapeutic intervention could be achieved. One essential component of secondary injury cascade is the reduction in spinal cord blood flow with resultant decrease in oxygen delivery. Our group has recently shown that administration of fluorocarbon (Oxycyte) significantly increased parenchymal tissue oxygen levels during the usual postinjury hypoxic phase, and fluorocarbon has been shown to be effective in stroke and head injury. In the current study, we assessed the beneficial effects of Oxycyte after a moderate-to-severe contusion SCI was simulated in adult Long-Evans hooded rats. Histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis showed that the administration of 5 mL/kg of Oxycyte perfluorocarbon (60% emulsion) after SCI dramatically reduced destruction of spinal cord anatomy and resulted in a marked decrease of lesion area, less cell death, and greater white matter sparing at 7 and 42 days postinjury. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining showed a significant reduced number of apoptotic cells in Oxycyte-treated animals, compared to the saline group. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential neuroprotective effect of Oxycyte treatment after SCI, and its beneficial effects may be, in part, a result of reducing apoptotic cell death and tissue sparing. Further studies to determine the most efficacious Oxycyte dose and its mechanisms of protection are warranted.

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Perfluorocarbons: recent developments and implications for neurosurgery

Cited by 14 publications

References 106 publications

In vivo droplet vaporization for occlusion therapy and phase aberration correction

In vivo droplet vaporization for occlusion therapy and phase aberration correction

Effects of a Synthetic Allosteric Modifier of Hemoglobin Oxygen Affinity on Outcome From Global Cerebral Ischemia in the Rat

Neuroprotective Effects of Perflurocarbon (Oxycyte) after Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

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