Intraurban Ethnic Enclaves: Introducing a Knowledge-Based Classification Method

Abstract

Studies of ethnic residential segregation in cities have traditionally used relative measures of groups' areal concentrationösuch as the indices of dissimilarity and segregation pioneered by Duncan and Duncan (1955)öto identify the level of spatial separateness between groups. Although such methods have been modified in a variety of ways over the last fifty years [see James and Taeuber (1985), Massey and Denton (1988;1989), Voas and Williamson (2000), and also Wong's (1998) introduction of an explicit spatial element to such indices], they have not formally addressed major issues raised by the theories of residential concentration and segregation that such measures were designed to test. The indices of dissimilarity and segregation look at only one aspect of the geography of ethnic groups within citiesödifference, or unevennessöand ignore other aspects of the relevant maps, such as isolation, clustering, concentration, and centralisation (Denton, 1994;Massey and Denton, 1988;1989;1993). In this paper we develop a procedure which incorporates all but the last of these concepts, and is particularly suited to comparative study.Alongside the indices of map pattern, other studies have sought to define ethnic residential areas. Most of these use one of two methods. The simplest just maps the percentage of an area's population who are members of a particular ethnic group, thereby giving some impression of the degree of concentration and its localisation but, unless the group is highly concentrated in certain areas, gives little indication of the amount and nature of ethnic mixing in many parts of a city. Linked to these are studiesösuch as those by Philpott (1978) and Jargowsky (1997)öwhich define a threshold which leads to an area being categorised as either within or outwith a particular type of ethnic enclave (a ghetto, say, or a barrio, to use Jargowsky's terminology). A further method, based on the well-established factorial ecology procedures, maps a

Neighbourhood cohesion under the influx of migrants in Shanghai

“…On the other hand, studies from countries with moderate levels of ethnic segregation such as the Netherlands reveal that the minority concentration of a neighbourhood hardly affects the social and economic integration of ethnic minorities, such as education level and labour market participation (Musterd, 2003). Such findings may signal that the absolute threshold of ethnic segregation (Poulsen et al, 2001) within a neighbourhood could play an important role in whether and how migrant concentration may affect neighbourhood cohesion.…”

“…Since our primary interest is the influx of domestic migrants, we altered Poulsen et al's classification and divided neighbourhoods according to three levels of migrant segregation. Neighbourhoods with a migrant share between 0 and 20% are isolated host communities, 20 and 50% are non-isolated host communities and from 50% onwards we classify them as migrant-dominated enclaves (Poulsen et al, 2001). The rationale to divide neighbourhoods into three categories is based on earlier studies which suggest that migrant enclaves in China such as urban villages differ greatly from mainstream neighbourhoods in various aspects including its residential composition and neighbourly relations (Chung, 2010;Forrest and Yip, 2007).…”

La gestión de la interculturalidad en tiempos de crisis: el discurso de los técnicos municipales en Cataluña

“…Este análisis permitió identificar todos aquellos municipios en los que existen enclaves residenciales según el lugar de nacimiento de la población. A partir de ellos se estableció una categorización teniendo en cuenta tres criterios: Xiana Bueno y Andreu Domingo tipo de enclave residencial: se han seleccionado aquellos municipios que contuvieran secciones censales clasificadas como «enclaves» siguiendo el método propuesto por (Poulsen, et al, 2001;Johnston, et al, 2002) y adaptado para el caso español por Sabater, et al, (2013). Los tipos de enclave fueron calculados según criterios de concentración basados en los diferentes grupos, dando como resultado 6 grupos de los cuales sólo tres estaban representados en Cataluña 1 : (I) Comunidades mayoritarias homogéneas (cuando los nacidos en España representan entre el 80 y el 100% de los residentes en la sección censal); (II) Comunidades mayoritarias no homogéneas (los nacidos en España representan del 50 al 79%); y (III) Enclaves plurales (los nacidos en España representan entre el 30 y el 49%) 2 .…”

An Open-Source Software for Calculating Indices of Urban Residential Segregation

“…Other local indices, which provide a value for each spatial unit of the metropolitan area, can be mapped to identify the spatial concentrations of ethnic groups in a metropolitan region. These indices notably include the following: -The location quotient, which is useful for identifying spatial units in a metropolitan area where a population group is under-represented (LQ > 1) or, conversely, over-represented (LQ < 1); -The entropy or diversity index, which is useful for identifying spatial units that are completely homogenous (inhabited by only one population group, H2 = 0) or maximally diversified (all population groups are equal in size, H2 = 1); -The typology proposed by Poulsen et al (2002;2001), which classifies the spatial units of a metropolitan area (e.g. census tracts) into six categories based on the percentages of the ethnic minorities and of the host society in the local population (1.…”