Intraperitoneal administration of lidocaine or tramadol alone or in combination on postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy in dogs

Abstract

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​Haematobiochemical Changes during Pain Management with Intraperitoneal Bupivacaine and Bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in Dogs

“…A significantly lower level of serum cortisol recorded in Group BD and Group B at 2 hrs and 24 hrs might be indicative of less pain perception or more pain suppression due the effects of bupivacaine and dexmedetomidine. Similar findings were also reported by Kim et al (2012) and Farokhzad et al (2021) with intraperitoneal lidocainetramadol, bupivacine and ropivacaine.…”

“…A significantly lower level of glucose was recorded in Group BD and Group B as compared to Group N at 2 hrs and 24 hrs intervals which might be due to the effect of bupivacaine which might have caused less postoperative biochemical stress caused by the intraperitoneal administration of bupivacaine (Kibar et al, 2019). A reduced serum glucose level was also observed by Farokhzad et al (2021) with intraperitoneal lidocaine and tramadol in dogs.…”

The effect of splash block on the need for analgesia in dogs subjected to video‐assisted ovariectomy

“…All dogs were pre‐medicated 20 min before surgery using intramuscular dexmedetomidine (3 µg/kg; Dexdomitor®; Vetoquinol Italia SRL, Bertinoro, Italy) and methadone hydrochloride (0.25 mg/kg; Semfortan®; Eurovet Animal Health BV, Bladel, The Netherlands) mixed in the same syringe. When the sedative effect was achieved using sedation scale validate by Wagner (Farokhzad et al., 2021 ), a 24‐G intravenous catheter was inserted into the cephalic vein to start standard maintenance fluid therapy, and to allow for rapid drug administration, if necessary. This was followed by administration of 100% oxygen via a face mask using a Mapleson F circuit.…”

“…To assess acute nociceptive response, physiological signs during surgery can be evaluated, such as increased blood pressure, HR, and respiratory rate (Farokhzad et al., 2021 , Wagner et al., 2017 ). These parameters were registered at five time periods: grasping of the ovary (time 1), dissection of the mesosalpinx (time 2), tightening of the first loop ligature (time 3), tightening of the second loop ligature (time 4), and transection of the ovarian pedicle (time 5) by one individual who was blinded to the treatment.…”

Clinical pharmacology of tramadol and tapentadol, and their therapeutic efficacy in different models of acute and chronic pain in dogs and cats

“…Nevertheless, the synergic effects of the premedication (ketamine + xylazine) might have enhanced the analgesic properties of the drugs [ 63 ]. Intraperitoneal (IP) tramadol at 4 mg/kg, combined with lidocaine (8.8 mg/kg IP) following OVH, provided better analgesia, based on scoring methods and lower cortisol and glucose levels at 6 and 3 h post-surgery, respectively; however, the differences were not statistically relevant when compared with animals in other groups [ 64 ]. Giorgi et al [ 26 ] investigated rectal tramadol administration and observed that the plasma concentrations were below the effective therapeutic dose, undergoing rapid metabolization to its inactive compounds M2 and M5.…”