Intraocular pressure and systemic blood pressure in the elderly.

Bulpitt, C J; Hodes, C.; Everitt, M G

doi:10.1136/bjo.59.12.717

Cited by 177 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…[39][40][41][42][43][44] However, other reports suggest that cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., systolic BP, age, hematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, pulse rate, serum cholesterol) largely explain the association between age and IOP. 40,45 Several Japanese studies adjusting for the effect of BP as we did here also report a negative correlation between age and IOP. 46,47 Previous studies have shown that BP has independent positive associations with both IOP and age, [48][49][50][51] which suggests that BP should be adjusted as an independent variable when investigating the relationship between age and IOP.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Determinants and Heritability of Intraocular Pressure and Cup-to-Disc Ratio in a Defined Older Population

et al. 2005

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Purpose-To investigate the heritability of intraocular pressure (IOP) and cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) in an older well-defined population. Design-Family-based cohort study.Participants-Through the population-based Salisbury Eye Evaluation study, we recruited 726 siblings (mean age, 74.7 years) in 284 sibships.Methods-Intraocular pressure and CDR were measured bilaterally for all participants. The presence or absence of glaucoma was determined by a glacuoma specialist for all probands on the basis of visual field, optic nerve appearance, and history. The heritability of IOP was calculated as twice the residual between-sibling correlation of IOP using linear regression and generalized estimating equations after adjusting for age, gender, mean arterial pressure, race, self-reported diabetes status, and history of systemic steroid use. The heritability of CDR was calculated using the same model and adjustments as above, while also adjusting for IOP.Main Outcome Measures-Heritability and determinants of IOP and CDR, and impact of siblings' glaucoma status on IOP and CDR.Results-We estimated the heritability to be 0.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.46) for IOP and 0.56 (95% CI, for CDR in this population. Mean IOP in siblings of glaucomatous probands was statistically significantly higher than in siblings of normal probands (mean difference, 1.02 mmHg; P = 0.017). The mean CDR in siblings of glaucomatous probands was 0.07 (or 19%) larger than in siblings of glaucoma suspect referrals (P = 0.045) and siblings of normal probands (P = 0.004).Conclusions-In this elderly population, we found CDR to be highly heritable and IOP to be moderately heritable. On average, siblings of glaucoma patients had higher IOPs and larger CDRs than siblings of nonglaucomatous probands.Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the second most common cause of blindness in the world 1 and affects approximately 2.2 million Americans. 2 Although the diagnosis of POAG centers on the characteristic excavation and atrophy of the optic nerve head and functional deficit measured by visual field (VF) change, 3 the heritability of intraocular pressure (IOP) and cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) have not been studied extensively thus far, despite the wellestablished role of heredity in POAG. In this study, we estimate the heritability of IOP and CDR from a cohort of sibships recruited through the Salisbury Eye Evaluation study. In addition, we also report the distribution of IOP and CDR among siblings of glaucomatous probands versus siblings of normal probands. Materials and Methods Subjects and General DesignBetween 1993 and 1995, a random sample of potential participants (ages 65 to 84 years) was chosen from the Health Care Financing Administration Medicare database and recruited from Salisbury, located on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, to engage in the population-based Salisbury Eye Evaluation study. 28 The cohort was invited for a follow-up examination including VF testing, optic nerve head imaging, and IOP measurement. All subjects with abnormal scr...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Determinants and Heritability of Intraocular Pressure and Cup-to-Disc Ratio in a Defined Older Population

et al. 2005

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“…However, at least the latter selection bias may be kept to a minimum, because the number of the subjects who had refused to receive the ophthalmological examination was very small (0.68 %). Finally, we used cross-sectional analyses to confirm the positive association between IOP and BP, BMI, and smoking, as have been reported in previous epidemiological studies [7,9,11,[28][29][30][31]. These results from cross-sectional studies have also demonstrated by longitudinal studies on positive BP-IOP and BMI-IOP relationships in Japanese [36] and Western [37,38] populations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

“…According to the relationship on the mechanism of the BP-IOP and the BMI-IOP (Fig. 1) [9,[28][29][30][31] it is suggested that high BP, especially elevated SBP, might elevate IOP by increasing ultrafiltration of the aqueous humor through the elevation of ciliary artery pressure [28,29]. On the other hand, weight gain reduces the aqueous-humor outflow caused by elevated intraorbital pressure associated with excessive intraorbital fatty tissue, or increases the outflow resistance of the episcleral vein due to an increase in blood viscosity accompanied by hemorheological parameters such as hematocrit and fibrinogen [9,30,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of smoking with intraocular pressure in middle-aged and older Japanese residents

Yoshida

Take

Ishikawa

et al. 2013

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objectives To clarify whether smoking was associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and to evaluate the interrelationship among IOP, blood viscosity, and smoking. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed health examination data obtained between 2001 and 2004 from 1113 individuals (829 men and 284 women), ranging in age from 28 to 79 years, who had not undergone any ocular surgery or medical treatment for hypertension, ocular hypertension, and glaucoma. Results Multiple-regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), and number of cigarettes smoked per day had a significantly positive association with IOP in men (P \ 0.05). In women also, SBP, DBP, and BMI were positively related to IOP (P \ 0.05). On the contrary, age had a significant negative association with IOP in both sexes (P \ 0.01). Analysis of covariance and multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the adjusted mean IOP and the multivariate odds ratios for IOP increased with increasing cigarette consumption in men (P for trend = 0.01 and 0.06, respectively). Analysis of covariance found that smoking was significantly associated with both high IOP and high hematocrit in men (P for trend \0.05); however, the adjusted mean IOP values were higher in smokers than in nonsmokers, regardless of the hematocrit level.Conclusions The results of this study suggested that the IOP level may be substantially affected by smoking habit in middle-aged and older Japanese men.

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“…5,7,8,10,15 Higher baseline IOP was directly related to higher IOP under treatment, with no significant interaction between baseline IOP and initial treatment. This would be an expected finding if one assumes that IOP reduction from a higher baseline level usually results in a higher IOP under treatment than those who began with a lower IOP level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated with Intraocular Pressure before and during 9 Years of Treatment in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study

Musch¹,

Gillespie²,

Niziol³

et al. 2008

Ophthalmology

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Methods-After randomization to initial surgery or medications, patients were followed at sixmonth intervals. IOP was measured by Goldmann applanation tonometry. Predictive factors for IOP at baseline and during follow-up were analyzed using linear mixed models. Main Outcome Measure-IOP at baseline and during follow-up.Results-The mean baseline IOP was 27.5 mmHg (standard deviation, 5.6 mmHg). Predictive factors for higher baseline IOP included younger age (0.7 mmHg per 10 years), male sex (2.4 mmHg higher than females), pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (5.4 mmHg higher than primary OAG), and pupillary defect (2.2 mmHg higher than those without a defect). During nine years of follow-up, both surgery and medications dramatically reduced IOP from baseline levels, but the extent of IOP reduction was consistently greater in the surgery group. Over follow-up years 2-9, mean IOP was

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Intraocular pressure and systemic blood pressure in the elderly.

Cited by 177 publications

References 2 publications

Determinants and Heritability of Intraocular Pressure and Cup-to-Disc Ratio in a Defined Older Population

Determinants and Heritability of Intraocular Pressure and Cup-to-Disc Ratio in a Defined Older Population

Association of smoking with intraocular pressure in middle-aged and older Japanese residents

Factors Associated with Intraocular Pressure before and during 9 Years of Treatment in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study

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