Association of smoking with intraocular pressure in middle-aged and older Japanese residents

Abstract

Objectives To clarify whether smoking was associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and to evaluate the interrelationship among IOP, blood viscosity, and smoking. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed health examination data obtained between 2001 and 2004 from 1113 individuals (829 men and 284 women), ranging in age from 28 to 79 years, who had not undergone any ocular surgery or medical treatment for hypertension, ocular hypertension, and glaucoma. Results Multiple-regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body mass index (BMI), and number of cigarettes smoked per day had a significantly positive association with IOP in men (P \ 0.05). In women also, SBP, DBP, and BMI were positively related to IOP (P \ 0.05). On the contrary, age had a significant negative association with IOP in both sexes (P \ 0.01). Analysis of covariance and multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the adjusted mean IOP and the multivariate odds ratios for IOP increased with increasing cigarette consumption in men (P for trend = 0.01 and 0.06, respectively). Analysis of covariance found that smoking was significantly associated with both high IOP and high hematocrit in men (P for trend \0.05); however, the adjusted mean IOP values were higher in smokers than in nonsmokers, regardless of the hematocrit level.Conclusions The results of this study suggested that the IOP level may be substantially affected by smoking habit in middle-aged and older Japanese men.

Changes in Intraocular Pressure and Associated Systemic Factors Over 10 Years in Subjects Without Ocular Disease at Baseline

“…Previous studies showed that the changes in BMI, 5,15,17,20,27,[29][30][31] SBP, 18,27,32,33 DBP, 33 and HbA1c 18,26,34,35 were positively correlated with the change in IOP. In the present study of Japanese individuals, the age-related reduction in IOP was significantly greater in males than in females, which is consistent with the findings of previous reports.…”

“…In the present study of Japanese individuals, the age-related reduction in IOP was significantly greater in males than in females, which is consistent with the findings of previous reports. 5,15,17,18,20,26,27,29,[31][32][33][34][35] The majority of previous papers have reported positive correlations between obesity and IOP. However, there was evidence for interference and multicollinearity among the factors; consequently, 8 factors were selected based on the results of univariate regression analysis, and were included in multivariate regression analysis.…”

“…Many previous studies have reported a relationship between the change in IOP and age, sex, obesity, and other factors. 5,11,[14][15][16][17] However, many of these studies were crosssectional in design. [11][12][13] Previous reports have shown a positive correlation between obesity and the age-related change in IOP.…”

Systemic and Ocular Determinants of Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness Measurements in the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Population

“…However, our results are in contrast with findings of earlier studies 27,28 , which reported reduced pRNFLT in smokers. Suggested mechanisms leading to decreased pRNFLT were toxic damage through free radicals, increased IOP and reduced perfusion [27][28][29] .…”

Age-Related Changes of Intraocular Pressure in Elderly People in Southern China: Lingtou Eye Cohort Study

“…A smaller proportion of obese and hypertensive subjects exist in the elderly groups due to the increased mortality of cardiovascular disease, and therefore IOP would seem to be lower with age in the absence of these risk factors, forming the rear decline of this curve. [ 23 ]…”