Intracranial Reinforcement Compared with Sugar-Water Reinforcement

Gibson, William E.; Reid, Larry D.; Sakai, Makoto; Porter, Paul B.

doi:10.1126/science.148.3675.1357

Cited by 71 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The existence of interpolated training for food weakens the apparent conclusion that ICS delivered to the MFB serves the same function as appetitive rewards. Gibson, Reid, Sakai, & Porter (1965) point out that there is a crucial difference between ICS and conventional reward paradigms. In most ICS experiments, the criterion response immediately produces the reinforcement.…”

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confidence: 99%

ICS reinforcement of DRL behavior in the rat

Owens

Brown

1968

Psychon Sci

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confidence: 99%

ICS reinforcement of DRL behavior in the rat

Owens

Brown

1968

Psychon Sci

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“…One electrode's stim~ilat-ing tip was in the lateral hypothalamus; the other was in the area of the medial geniculate.' Stimulation of the former site is rewarding (Olds, 1962) and controls behavior in a Skinner box as does conventional reward (Gibson, Reid, Sakai, & Porter, 1965). Stimulation of the latter is pi~nishing and functions nearly as does foot shock (Buckwalter, et al, in press).…”

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confidence: 98%

Delayed Punishment of Positively Reinforced Bar Presses

1967

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Combining positive and negative reinforcement (both being electrical stimulation of the brain) for lever pressing by 4 rats produced a gradient of suppression as the 2 qualities of reinforcement were separated temporally. Maximal suppression occurred with an interstimulus interval of about 1 sec. This maximum was interpreted as marking the intersection of a waning interaction of the neurologica: aspects of reward and punishment and a delay-of-punishrnent gradient. After the 1 sec. of neural interaction, the greater the delay of punishment the less the suppression of responding.

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“…Available laboratory data, however, are limited to parametric studies using a single positive reinforcer, a single aversive event, or a combination of the two. The demonstrations that intracranial stimulations (ICS) can control behavior as conventional affective stimulations (Buckwalter, Gibson, Reid, & Porter, 1967;Gibson, Reid, Sakai, & Porter, 1965 ;Hunsicker & Reid, 1974;Olds, 1969;Reid, Hunsicker, Kent. Johnson, & Gallistel, 1973) opens the way to using ICS as a tool for studying more complex contingencies.…”

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Complex contingencies

Casper

Reid

1975

Psychobiology

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Four rats were each fixed with two chronically indwelling bipolar electrodes for intracranial stimulation (ICS). ICS with one bipolar electrode was rewarding, and ICS with the other was aversive. After demonstration of the efficacy of ICS, rats were placed in a chamber with a retractable lever. A depression of the lever yielded four trains of ICS. All possible combinations of positive and negative ICS within the constraint of four events were then tested with high intensities of both rewarding and aversive ICS at intertrain intervals of .125, .25, and 1.0 sec, and with different intensities of ICS. It was found that the rats pressed more for the contingencies containing the greater number of positive ICS. The sequence of rewarding and aversive ICS was also shown to be an important variable in determining pressing rates. It was concluded that knowing the net positiveness of complex contingencies and knowing whether the first event was rewarding or aversive was sufficient to predict closely the acceptability of a contingency.Behavior is frequently followed by more than one or two affective even ts. Available laboratory data, however, are limited to parametric studies using a single positive reinforcer, a single aversive event, or a combination of the two. The demonstrations that intracranial stimulations (ICS) can control behavior as conventional affective stimulations (Buckwalter, Gibson, Reid, & Porter, 1967;Gibson, Reid, Sakai, & Porter, 1965 ;Hunsicker & Reid, 1974;Olds, 1969; Reid, Hunsicker, Kent. Johnson, & Gallistel, 1973) opens the way to using ICS as a tool for studying more complex contingencies. This study, consequen tJy, employed ICS to determine how leverpressing was controlled by sequences of affective events. Rats fixed with bipolar electrode for rewarding, positive ICS and an electrode pair for aversive, r:egative ICS were allowed to press a lever for four ICSs in all possible combinations of positive and negative, e.g., positive-positive-negativenegative and negative-negative-positive-positive were among the 16 sequences tested. METHOD SubjectsFour experimentally naive adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were each lixed, in standard ways, with two chronically indwelling bipolar electrodes. The electrodes were stainless steel and insulated except at the cross section of their tips. The tips of each electrode of an electrode pair were separated only by the width of each electrode's insulation. Histological analyses of frozen sections of the brains of the rats, following behavioral testing, conlirmed that ICS with one clectrode pair stimulated the medial forebrain bundle of the lateral hypothalamus. ICS with the other electrode pair stimulated an area near the geniculates and the geniculates themselves. Other studies have shown previously that these sites of stimulation are, respectively, rewarding and aversivc (Olds, 1962 ; Buckwalter et ai, 1967). Prior to testing in the apparatus, it was conlirmcd that the 'Supported by Bradley University by way of its Board for Research which administers NSF Grant ...

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Intracranial Reinforcement Compared with Sugar-Water Reinforcement

Cited by 71 publications

References 5 publications

ICS reinforcement of DRL behavior in the rat

ICS reinforcement of DRL behavior in the rat

Delayed Punishment of Positively Reinforced Bar Presses

Complex contingencies

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