Delayed Punishment of Positively Reinforced Bar Presses

Miller, Douglas E.; Reid, Larry D.; Porter, Paul B.

doi:10.2466/pr0.1967.21.1.205

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Data of Miller et al (1967) suggest that reducing the interval between stimulations to near zero would result in greater rejection of the predominantly negative stimulation. With zero intervals, supposedly, sequentialness would be of less importance (Miller et ai, 1967).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex contingencies

Casper

Reid

1975

Psychobiology

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Four rats were each fixed with two chronically indwelling bipolar electrodes for intracranial stimulation (ICS). ICS with one bipolar electrode was rewarding, and ICS with the other was aversive. After demonstration of the efficacy of ICS, rats were placed in a chamber with a retractable lever. A depression of the lever yielded four trains of ICS. All possible combinations of positive and negative ICS within the constraint of four events were then tested with high intensities of both rewarding and aversive ICS at intertrain intervals of .125, .25, and 1.0 sec, and with different intensities of ICS. It was found that the rats pressed more for the contingencies containing the greater number of positive ICS. The sequence of rewarding and aversive ICS was also shown to be an important variable in determining pressing rates. It was concluded that knowing the net positiveness of complex contingencies and knowing whether the first event was rewarding or aversive was sufficient to predict closely the acceptability of a contingency.Behavior is frequently followed by more than one or two affective even ts. Available laboratory data, however, are limited to parametric studies using a single positive reinforcer, a single aversive event, or a combination of the two. The demonstrations that intracranial stimulations (ICS) can control behavior as conventional affective stimulations (Buckwalter, Gibson, Reid, & Porter, 1967;Gibson, Reid, Sakai, & Porter, 1965 ;Hunsicker & Reid, 1974;Olds, 1969; Reid, Hunsicker, Kent. Johnson, & Gallistel, 1973) opens the way to using ICS as a tool for studying more complex contingencies. This study, consequen tJy, employed ICS to determine how leverpressing was controlled by sequences of affective events. Rats fixed with bipolar electrode for rewarding, positive ICS and an electrode pair for aversive, r:egative ICS were allowed to press a lever for four ICSs in all possible combinations of positive and negative, e.g., positive-positive-negativenegative and negative-negative-positive-positive were among the 16 sequences tested. METHOD SubjectsFour experimentally naive adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were each lixed, in standard ways, with two chronically indwelling bipolar electrodes. The electrodes were stainless steel and insulated except at the cross section of their tips. The tips of each electrode of an electrode pair were separated only by the width of each electrode's insulation. Histological analyses of frozen sections of the brains of the rats, following behavioral testing, conlirmed that ICS with one clectrode pair stimulated the medial forebrain bundle of the lateral hypothalamus. ICS with the other electrode pair stimulated an area near the geniculates and the geniculates themselves. Other studies have shown previously that these sites of stimulation are, respectively, rewarding and aversivc (Olds, 1962 ; Buckwalter et ai, 1967). Prior to testing in the apparatus, it was conlirmcd that the 'Supported by Bradley University by way of its Board for Research which administers NSF Grant ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex contingencies

Casper

Reid

1975

Psychobiology

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“…In other words, the swifter the sentence, the stronger the association in the mind of the offender between the offense and its consequences. Classic psychological studies involving laboratory experiments with human and animal subjects have upheld this theory, showing that punishment was significantly more effective at changing behavior when delivered immediately, as compared with when it was delayed (Aronfreed & Reber, 1965; Banks & Vogel-Sprott, 1965; Deluty, 1978; Hare, 1965; Miller, Reid, & Porter, 1967; Pisacreta & Paul, 1982; Vogel-Sprott, 1967).…”

Section: The Speedy Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Reducing Case Processing Time Reduce Recidivism? A Study of the Early Case Resolution Court

Butters

Prince

Walker

et al. 2018

Criminal Justice Policy Review

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Case processing times throughout the United States exceed national standards created by multiple agencies. To combat this, multiple expedited case processing courts have been developed across the nation; however, research regarding these courts has failed to consider recidivism outcomes among participants. We examined the outcomes of a specialized court in the Salt Lake City Third District Court called the Early Case Resolution (ECR) Court, a program aimed at reducing both case processing times and recidivism. Using a propensity score-matched sample, we utilized survival analysis to look at participants’ time to recidivism. While case processing times were lower for the ECR Court participants than non-ECR participants, recidivism among ECR Court participants was significantly higher. Results from this study show that using recidivism as an outcome measure for expedited case processing courts is necessary in evaluations of these programs.

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Food- and ICS-reinforced operant behavior following VMH lesions in conscious rats

Sensenig

1978

Psychobiology

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Within-subjects temporal analyses of changes in operant behavior maintained by lateral hypothalamic (LH) self-stimulation and food reward were made following bilateral electrolytic destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of conscious female rats. LH selfstimulation rates increased immediately following lesioning; however, 24 h postlesion, responding returned to or below prelesion levels. Responding for food did not increase immediately following VMH destruction, but increments occurred 1 1(2 h postlesion. Responding for food reward over 3 days postlesion remained significantly higher than prelesion control data. Significantly increased food intake and body weights were also present 24 h postlesion. Body weights continued to increase over the 3D-day posttesting period. It was concluded that increases in ICS leverpressing following VMH destruction may result from possible analgesic or positive affective properties attributed to ICS and that the delayed increase in food leverpressing reflects the rat's increased hunger motivation.

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Delayed Punishment of Positively Reinforced Bar Presses

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Complex contingencies

Complex contingencies

Does Reducing Case Processing Time Reduce Recidivism? A Study of the Early Case Resolution Court

Food- and ICS-reinforced operant behavior following VMH lesions in conscious rats

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