Intestinal Immunity and Gut Microbiota as Therapeutic Targets for Preventing Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases

Gut microbiome in health and disease: Linking the microbiome–gut–brain axis and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of systemic and neurodegenerative diseases

“…Multi-disciplinary studies incorporating advances in next generation sequencing (NGS), have revealed that various systemic diseases, such as arthritis, atherosclerosis, IBD, as well as diabetes and obesity, show significant changes not only in the composition of the resident gut microbiota but also in the host’s gut homeostasis and metabolic processes (Musso, Gambino, & Cassader, 2011; Scher, et al, 2015; Vieira, et al, 2015; Yamashita, et al, 2015). In essence, the gut microbiota influence and even facilitate various metabolic processes such as regulating xenobiotic metabolism and energy production.…”

Analysis of Gut Microbiota in Coronary Artery Disease Patients: a Possible Link between Gut Microbiota and Coronary Artery Disease

“…We previously demonstrated that oral CD3 antibody or vitamin D3 can inhibit the progresion of atherosclerosis by increasing Tregs via modulating inetestinal immune system in mice 7,8) , and coronary artery disease (CAD) patients have reduced Treg and Treg/ Teff ratio compared with healthy controls 9) . Thus, we supposed that the composition of gut microbiota affects CAD 10) . Recent studies have shown that obesity is associated with changes in the relative abundance of the two dominant bacterial phyla, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; Firmicutes is predominant in the guts of obese individuals 11) .…”

Immunologic impact of the intestine in metabolic disease

“…In addition, changes in intestinal immunity, gut dysbiosis, and/or the production of pro-atherogenic compounds may also contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease (119,120). Thus, during diet-induced obesity, the intestinal immune system acts as a central hub that potentiates systemic inflammation and ensuing metabolic consequences.…”