Immunologic impact of the intestine in metabolic disease

Winer, Daniel A.; Winer, Shawn; Dranse, Helen J.; Lam, Tony K.T.

doi:10.1172/jci88879

Cited by 63 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 124 publications

(150 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, the integrity of the intestinal barrier and a healthy intestinal microflora induce an anti-inflammatory effect that causes a consequent reduction in fat mass body composition [49]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidences of a New Psychobiotic Formulation on Body Composition and Anxiety

Colica

Avolio

Bollero

et al. 2017

Mediators of Inflammation

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Background Gut microbiota is implied in obesity, because of its ability to harvest energy from diet, and in the regulation of behavior. Given the link between gut microbiota, body composition, obesity, and anxiety, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a new psychobiotic formulation. Methods Eligible patients were randomly divided into three groups: psychobiotics oral suspension group (POSG); dietary treatment group (DTG); combined treatment group (CTG). All subjects underwent body composition and psychological profile evaluation. Results Significant changes in body composition parameters in each group were relieved after all treatments. Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HAM-A) highlighted a significant reduction of the total score for all study population after treatments in POSG (p = 0.01) and CTG (p = 0.04). A reduction of HAM-A total score in anxious subjects in POSG or CTG and a significant reduction of positive subjects for HAM-A in POSG (p = 0.03) and in CDG (p = 0.01) were shown. Discussion Three-week intake of selected POS represents a good approach to solve problems related to obesity and behavior disorders. However, new clinical trials need to be performed on a larger population and for a longer period of treatment before definitive conclusions can be made. This trial is registered with NCT01890070.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidences of a New Psychobiotic Formulation on Body Composition and Anxiety

Colica

Avolio

Bollero

et al. 2017

Mediators of Inflammation

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“…leagues described the changes in the intestinal immune system that may influence systemic immunity and glucose metabolism, contributing to the pathology of obesity and diabetes (16).…”

Section: Activation Of the Innate Immune System In Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease

Saltiel¹,

Olefsky²

2017

Journal of Clinical Investigation

1,402

1,077

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We are in the midst of a worldwide obesity epidemic. Over 1.9 billion people are now obese or overweight, including more than 50 million children under age 5, and the worldwide prevalence of obesity has doubled since 1980 (1). The complications of obesity are taking a major public health toll, which will only worsen in future years. Among the most devastating of these complications is type 2 diabetes (T2D). Most patients with T2D are obese or overweight, and there are numerous longitudinal studies linking obesity with insulin resistance, a frequent forerunner of diabetes.Over the past two decades, the search for a mechanism linking the pathogenesis of obesity with insulin resistance and diabetes has revealed a close relationship between nutrient excess and activation of the innate immune system in most organs pertinent to energy homeostasis (2-4). Numerous studies indicate that inflammation occurs as a consequence of obesity, and recent insights suggest that it may play a causative role in generating insulin resistance, defective insulin secretion, and disruption of other aspects of energy homeostasis. The nature of obesityinduced inflammation differs from other inflammatory paradigms in that it involves tonic activation of the innate immune system that impacts metabolic homeostasis, in some cases over a lifetime. Inflammation also leads to maladaptive responses such as fibrosis and necrosis that can cause significant tissue damage. Moreover, obesity-induced inflammation is unique in that it involves multiple organs, including adipose, pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. These features of obesity-induced inflammation present a challenge to understanding the underlying mechanisms and the manner by which they impact metabolic systems. In this issue of the JCI, a group of experts have provided reviews that dive deeply into the mechanisms by which obesity-induced inflammation influences metabolic homeostasis, surveying the modes and mechanisms of inflammation in different tissues and how they might contribute to disease. These Reviews also discuss how inflammation can lead to other aspects of metabolic syndrome, including hyperphagia, reduced energy expenditure, β cell dysfunction, and liver disease, and summarize the status of therapeutic interventions that target inflammation in the context of metabolic syndrome. Activation of the innate immune system in obesityMuch of what has been learned about the immune response to obesity has come from studies in adipose tissue, although it is clear that inflammation occurs in other organs as well. Adipose depots normally contain multiple immune cells that together surveil and maintain the integrity and hormonal sensitivity of adipocytes. In lean animals, these immune cells operate in an overall Th2 or type 2 state that coordinately controls tissue integrity and metabolism by controlling the activity of subsets of T lymphocytes. These cells release a cascade of cytokines that coordinately regulate other immune cells, including eosinophils, mast cells, and othe...

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“…In contrast, the typical western style diet that is high in sugar and saturated fats and low in fibre can lead to systemic low‐grade inflammation, as a well‐characterized consequence of obesity . Although inflammation in adipose tissues and in the liver is a more established feature of obesity, the intestine is emerging as a key site for immunological changes that affect whole‐body metabolism . Specifically, microbial and dietary factors influence underlying innate and adaptive responses of the intestinal immune system.…”

Section: Immunonutrition and Its Potential Impact On Ibdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory bowel disease and immunonutrition: novel therapeutic approaches through modulation of diet and the gut microbiome

et al. 2018

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, thought to at least in part reflect an aberrant immune response to gut bacteria. IBD is increasing in incidence, particularly in populations that have recently immigrated to western countries. This suggests that environmental factors are involved in its pathogenesis. We hypothesize that the increase in IBD rates might reflect the consumption of an unhealthy Western diet, containing excess calories and lacking in key nutritional factors, such as fibre and vitamin D. Several recent studies have determined that dietary factors can dramatically influence the activation of immune cells and the mediators they release through a process called immunonutrition. Moreover, dietary changes can profoundly affect the balance of beneficial versus pathogenic bacteria in the gut. This microbial imbalance can alter levels of microbiota-derived metabolites that in turn can influence innate and adaptive intestinal immune responses. If the diet-gut microbiome disease axis does indeed underpin much of the 'western' influence on the onset and progression of IBD, then tremendous opportunity exists for therapeutic changes in lifestyle, to modulate the gut microbiome and to correct immune imbalances in individuals with IBD. This review highlights four such therapeutic strategies - probiotics, prebiotics, vitamin D and caloric restriction - that have the potential to improve and add to current IBD treatment regimens.

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Immunologic impact of the intestine in metabolic disease

Cited by 63 publications

References 124 publications

Evidences of a New Psychobiotic Formulation on Body Composition and Anxiety

Evidences of a New Psychobiotic Formulation on Body Composition and Anxiety

Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease

Inflammatory bowel disease and immunonutrition: novel therapeutic approaches through modulation of diet and the gut microbiome

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