Gut microbiome in health and disease: Linking the microbiome–gut–brain axis and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of systemic and neurodegenerative diseases

Abstract

The gut microbiome comprises the collective genome of the trillions of microorganisms residing in our gastrointestinal ecosystem. The interaction between the host and its gut microbiome is a complex relationship whose manipulation could prove critical to preventing or treating not only various gut disorders, like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and ulcerative colitis (UC), but also central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about the gut microbiome, how it is connected to the development of disease and to identify the bacterial and biochemical targets that should be the focus of future research. Understanding the mechanisms behind the activity and proliferation of the gut microbiome will provide us new insights that may pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies.

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract Microbes and Microbial Neurotoxins in the Human Central Nervous System (CNS) in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)

“…These neurotoxic glycolipids are shed into the extracellular space, play key pathological roles in hostpathogen interactions, pro-inflammatory signaling and the activation of the innate-immune system of the host [23,[44][45][46]. As an abundant obligate anaerobe resident of the distal human GI tract microbiome BF-LPS is unusually immunogenic and highly pro-inflammatory toward human neurons in primary culture [8,15,24,37,[47][48][49][50]. It has been very recently shown (i) that both LPS and BF-LPS are abundant in anatomical regions of the human brain's limbic system in AD, including the hippocampus and neocortex that exhibit focused neuropathology and an intense inflammatory response as is characteristic of the AD process [6,28,29]; and (ii) that BF-LPS is an extremely potent inducer of pro-inflammatory gene signaling pathways, as quantified by the evolution of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB p50/p65 complex HNG cells in primary co-culture [51].…”

Reducing the Search Space in Literature-Based Discovery by Exploring Outlier Documents: a Case Study in Finding Links Between Gut Microbiome and Alzheimer’s Disease

“…Our preliminary literature mining investigation in this field of age-related pathologies, such as neurodegenerative diseases, suggested links between dietary issues and Alzheimer's disease to be further investigated [14]. Some recent medical studies also indicate exploring connections between the digestive system, gut microbiome and neurodegenerative diseases (like Alzheimer's disease) as a promising area of biomedical research [15]. A growing number of recently published research papers in this area is a strong motivation for using text and literature mining methods to research the hypothesis that, besides causing gut problems, an imbalance of gut microbiome can be associated with memory and cognition dysfunction and brain diseases.…”

Role of Microbiota in Human Life and the Prospects for the Preventive Use of Probiotics

“…И наконец, микробиота проявляет себя как фактор социализации. Обнаружена ассоциативная связь Clostridia, Bacteroides, Desulfovibrio, Bacteroides fragilis, Subdoligranulum, Lactobacillus с аутизмом; Prevotellaceae и Enterobacteria ceae с болезнью Паркинсона; Clostridia, Bacteroides и Verrucomicrobia с болезнью Альцгеймера [39].…”