Internet of Drones Security and Privacy Issues: Taxonomy and Open Challenges

Abstract

Internet of Drones (IoD) is a decentralized network and management framework that links drones' access to the controlled airspace and provides inter-location navigation services. The interconnection of drones in the IoD network is through the Internet of Things (IoT). Hence the IoD network is vulnerable to all the security and privacy threats that affect IoT networks. It is highly required to safeguard a good atmosphere free from security and privacy threats to get the desired performance from IoD applications. Security and privacy issues have significantly restricted the overall influence of the IoD paradigm. There are existing survey studies that helped lay a vital foundation for understanding the IoD security and privacy issues. However, not all have thoroughly investigated the level of security and privacy threats associated with the various drone categories. Besides, most existing review studies do not examine secured IoD architecture. This paper aims to assess the recent trends in the security and privacy issues that affect the IoD network. We investigate the level of security and privacy threats of the various drone categories. We then highlight the need for secured IoD architecture and propose one. We also give a comprehensive taxonomy of the attacks on the IoD network. Moreover, we review the recent IoD attack mitigating techniques. We also provide the performance evaluation methods and the performance metrics employed by the techniques. Finally, we give research future direction to help researchers identify the latest opportunities in IoD research.

PROACT: Parallel multi-miner proof of accumulated trust protocol for Internet of Drones

“…In general, different types of IoD applications will require different network configurations and types of drones, as pointed out in [13]. In addition, we don't assume any kind of clustering or zone dividing of the network, as in some previous works [11][12].…”

“…Allowing attackers to steal users' sensitive information or forge wrong data leads to the failure of these applications. Several previous works illustrated that security-related issues in the IoD can be mitigated or resolved with the aid of powerful systems such as the blockchain (BC) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The latter, being a distributed immutable database, protects the IoD data using cryptography mechanisms such as public-key encryption and hash functions.…”

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Crowd Monitoring and Analysis

“…This concept has been proposed in the Industrial IoT (IIoT) field such as for optimal power line inspection using UAVs [40]. Some architectures have been developed with the focus of getting connected using resourceless or resource-constrained connectivity such as drone-assisted vehicular networks (DAVN) or flying ad-hoc networks (FANET) for IoT-enabled scenarios [41,42], giving rise to the concept of internet of drones (IoD) [43,44]. This trend has been observed elsewhere in applications requiring transmitting environmental sensor data for constant monitoring, as demonstrated in [45,46] and is expected to have significant integration in the field of crowd monitoring as well.…”

The Role of UAS–GIS in Digital Era Governance. A Systematic Literature Review

“…As the UAS application sectors diversify, their taxonomy also becomes more complex. So far, distribution into four main classes was proposed, based on embedded mechanism, power, user capabilities, and operating environment [16]. These make plausible the image of future smart cities where drone flights will become a normality, similar to road vehicles today [17], together with other technologies that include wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, fog computing, and big data ana-lytics.…”