International Differences in Drug Prices

Wagner, Judith; McCarthy, Elizabeth

doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123042

Cited by 56 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Schut and van Bergeijk (1986) test the existence of international price discrimination in the pharmaceutical industry using trade data for 32 countries and conclude that drug prices are highly influenced by purchasing power of a country. Wagner and McCarthy (2004) come to a similar conclusion, finding that price differences exist across countries; however, the differences are rather small. Lichtenberg (2011) finds evidence that pharmaceutical companies charge lower prices in low-income countries than in developed countries.…”

Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 61%

International trade and determinants of price differentials of insulin medicine

Helble

Aizawa

2016

Health Policy Plan.

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Asian Development Bank InstituteThe Working Paper series is a continuation of the formerly named Discussion Paper series; the numbering of the papers continued without interruption or change. ADBI's working papers reflect initial ideas on a topic and are posted online for discussion. ADBI encourages readers to post their comments on the main page for each working paper (given in the citation below). Some working papers may develop into other forms of publication. Toshiaki Aizawa is a research associate at ADBI.The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of ADBI, ADB, its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.Working papers are subject to formal revision and correction before they are finalized and considered published.Asian Development Bank Institute Kasumigaseki Building 8F 3-2-5 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-6008, JapanTel:+81-3-3593-5500 Fax:+81-3-3593-5571 URL:www.adbi.org E-mail: info@adbi.org AbstractEmpirical studies on pharmaceuticals pricing across countries have found evidence that prices vary according to per capita income. These studies are typically based on survey data from a subset of countries and cover only one year. In this paper, we study the international trade and price of insulin by using detailed trade data for 186 importing countries from 1995 to 2013. With almost 12,000 observations, our study constitutes the largest comparative study on pharmaceutical pricing conducted so far. The large dataset allows us to uncover new determinants of price differentials. Our analysis shows that the international trade of insulin increased substantially over this time period, clearly outpacing the increasing prevalence of diabetes. Using the unit values of imports, we also study the determinants of price differentials between countries. Running various panel regressions, we find that the differences in prices across countries can be explained by the following factors: First, corroborating earlier studies, we find that per capita GDP is positively correlated with the unit price of insulin.

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Section: Related Literaturementioning

confidence: 61%

International trade and determinants of price differentials of insulin medicine

Helble

Aizawa

2016

Health Policy Plan.

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“…1 Studies have documented much pharmaceutical price variation across countries; one study found that wholesale costs tend to be higher in the United States than abroad. 2 A recent comparison of U.S. wholesale drug prices with those in eight other nations found that for the 249 most frequently used agents, only Japan had higher prices than the United States had, with prices in the other countries averaging 6-33 percent lower. 3 Consequently, policymakers have proposed measures to bring U.S. prices in line with international norms.…”

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confidence: 99%

Out-Of-Pocket Spending And Medication Adherence Among Dialysis Patients In Twelve Countries

Hirth

Greer²,

Albert³

et al. 2008

Health Affairs

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Few studies have examined drug costs and adherence in similar patient cohorts across countries. Using representative samples of hemodialysis patients from twelve countries, we examined out-of-pocket medication spending and cost-related nonadherence. Mean monthly spending ranged from $8 in the United Kingdom to $114 in the United States. The proportion of patients reporting nonadherence because of cost ranged from 3 percent in Japan to 29 percent in the United States. Out-of-pocket spending was related to national pharmaceutical financing policies and predicted national nonadherence rates. However, inconsistencies in the relationship between patient costs and nonadherence suggested that other social or policy factors also matter.

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“…Energy and fuel taxes are ubiquitous among Nordic countries, and though the level of taxes on gasoline and diesel automotive fuel varied in each of the Nordic economies, automotive fuel taxes (both for gasoline and diesel) in the Nordics are among the highest in the world (Figure 1.26) (Parry et al, 2014;Wagner, 2014). Diesel tended to be taxed at lower rates (in both in terms of carbon emissions and in absolute terms) than gasoline.…”

Section: Current Policies and Goalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Denmark, Sweden and Norway have ambitions of complete carbon neutrality (including transport) by 2050, while Finland targets an 80% GHG reduction and Iceland a 50%-70% reduction in GHG levels (both relative to 1990 levels). Even more ambitious goals have been set for Nordic cities: for instance, Copenhagen has set a goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2025, and Oslo aims to reduce its GHG emissions by 95% relative to 1990 levels by 2030.Energy and fuel taxes are ubiquitous among Nordic countries, and though the level of taxes on gasoline and diesel automotive fuel varied in each of the Nordic economies, automotive fuel taxes (both for gasoline and diesel) in the Nordics are among the highest in the world (Figure 1.26) (Parry et al, 2014;Wagner, 2014). Diesel tended to be taxed at lower rates (in both in terms of carbon emissions and in absolute terms) than gasoline.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nordic Energy Technology Perspectives 2016

Karlsson¹,

Münster²,

Skytte³

et al. 2016

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The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was -and is -two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency's aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries' access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context -particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data.n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies. n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA. IEA member countries:Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. Acknowledgements 7Contact 9Executive Summary 10Nordic energy-related carbon dioxide emissions 26Chapter 1 Nordic choices in a global world 28Radical change is needed, but history gives cause for optimism 31Three strategic issues facing Nordic countries 35Power generation and district heating are almost there 42Spotlight 1: The Nordic bioenergy market 52Decarbonising transport poses significant challenges 57Industry: Innovation will be the deal breaker 72Spotlight 2: Iceland´s fishing sector 83Buildings: Accelerating deep energy renovation is critical 88Decarbonising the Nordic region will not cost the world 101Chapter 2 Urban energy 104Introduction 107Overview of Nordic urban energy systems 108Drivers of change in the urban context 114 Urban scenarios 119Nordic capitals leading the low-carbon transition by example 129Recommendations for action in urban areas 147 6Nordic Energy Technology Perspectives 2016 Electricity system integration 150Introduction 153Market integration of VRE 173 Electricity trade 180Flexibility in the system and VRE integration 189The role of nuclear in the Nordic energy system 210 Recommendations and near-term actions 213 Annexes 216Annex A (Chapter 1) 217 Annex B (Chapter 2) 230Annex C (Chapter 3) 235References 245 List of Figures 254List of Boxes 260 List of Tables 261Also from the IE...

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International Differences in Drug Prices

Abstract: Key Words prescription drugs, price discrimination, pharmaceutical research and development, drug price regulation s Abstract This paper addresses how and why drug prices differ across countries.

Cited by 56 publications

References 15 publications

International trade and determinants of price differentials of insulin medicine

International trade and determinants of price differentials of insulin medicine

Out-Of-Pocket Spending And Medication Adherence Among Dialysis Patients In Twelve Countries

Nordic Energy Technology Perspectives 2016

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