International anti-corruption standards

Abstract

The article studies the issues of combating corruption in the aspect of its incorporation into international standards. Corruption has been identified as a threat to democracy and economic development in many States. It arises from the process of the exchange of power for material assets, that is, when a competent person performs or refrains from performing certain actions for remuneration, and due to the weakness or weakness of the state, political, and public institutions that control and limit these processes. It is noted that the world community is seriously thinking about those negative consequences (threat of statehood, undermining trust in the authorities, causing harm to the individual, society, the functioning of organized crime, a drop in the level of professionalism of employees, a decrease in the level of legal awareness of spirituality) caused by corruption, and realizes that all States need to act as one to achieve serious positive results. It is noted that the international community, to develop effective measures to prevent and eradicate corruption, has adopted several international treaties, as well as recommendations that are not binding but are used by States as effective mechanisms for monitoring corruption.

Humour in Dickens’ Oliver Twist

“…"Everybody knows the story of another experimental philosopher who had a great theory about a horse being able to live without eating, and who demonstrated it so well, that he had got his own horse down to a straw a day, and would unquestionably have rendered him a very spirited and rampacious animal on nothing at all, if he had not died, four-and-twenty hours before he was to have had his first comfortable bait of air (Holovkin et al, 2021;Topchii et al, 2021). Unfortunately for, the experimental philosophy of the female to whose protecting care Oliver Twist was delivered over, a similar result usually attended the operation of _her_ system; for at the very moment when the child had contrived to exist upon the smallest possible portion of the weakest possible food, it did perversely happen in eight and a half cases out of ten, either that it sickened from want and cold, or fell into the fire from neglect, or got half-smothered by accident; in any one of which cases, the miserable little being was usually summoned into another world…" (Oliver Twist, 1961).…”

Fight corruption at the state and municipal levels in Russia

“…It should be noted that in comparison with similar surveys conducted in previous years, the number of experts who are not familiar with the text of the Federal Law "On Combating Corruption" has significantly decreased. If in 2018 this indicator in the Rostov region was 26.1%, then this year it is 8.1% (Topchii et al, 2021;Holovkin et al, 2021).  An assessment of anti-corruption measures regulated by the Federal Law "On Combating Corruption" showed that less than 10% of experts consider these measures to be effective in combating corruption.…”

Threat of Corruption to Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Southeast Asia

“…Corruption is a phenomenon that has not been thoroughly studied until a concrete solution is found in eliminating corruption in this world, so that the relevance of studying this problem cannot be doubted (Topchii, Zadereiko, Didkivska, Bodunova & Shevchenko, 2021). Corruption's Impact on a Growth of Economy is an interesting study problem, some solution may be useful in the future (Castro, Phillips, & Ansari, 2020).…”