Interdependencies of lithium mining and communities sustainability in Salar de Atacama, Chile

Liu, Wenjuan; Agusdinata, Datu Buyung

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120838

Cited by 75 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This is accompanied by the evolution of several side products. We assume that these side products are generated by a reaction with 1 O2, which was reported to be a product besides 3…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One possibility is to use other chemistries such as metal-air and metal-sulphur, which do not necessarily require the use of cobalt catalysts. Another problem for lithium technology is the lack of the resource lithium and the water consuming mining (3). Thefore Calcium, being the fifth most abundant metal on earth, combines a high abundance with a competitive volumetric capacity of 2072 mAh⋅cm -3 (4,5) and thus, is a promising candidate as anode material in future battery applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The ORR in Ca2+ Containing DMSO: Reaction Mechanism, Electrode Surface Characterization and Redox Mediation

Reinsberg

Koellisch-Mirbach

et al. 2020

Preprint

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In this study we strengthen our fundamental understanding of the underlying reactions of a possible Ca-O2 battery using a DMSO based electrolyte. Employing the rotating ring disc electrode, we find a transition from a mixed process of O2- and O22- formation to an exclusive O2- formation at gold electrodes. We will show that in this system Ca-superoxide and Ca-peroxide are formed as soluble species. However, there is a strongly adsorbed layer of ORR products on the electrode surface which is blocking the electrode. Surprisingly the blockade is a partial blockade because the formation of superoxide can be maintained. During an anodic sweep the ORR product layer is stripped from the electrode surface. With X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy the deposited ORR products are shown to be Ca(O2)2, CaO2 and CaO as well as side reaction products such as CO32- and other oxygen containing carbon species. We will give evidences that the strongly attached layer on the electrocatalyst that is partially blocking the electrode could be adsorbed CaO. The disproportionation reaction of O2- in presence of Ca2+ was demonstrated via mass spectrometry. Finally the ORR mediated by 2,5-Di-tert-1,4-benzoquinone (DBBQ) is investigated by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) and XPS. Similar products as without DBBQ are deposited on the electrode surface. The analysis of the DEMS experiments shows that DBBQ- is reducing O2 to O2- and O22- whereas in the presence of DBBQ2- O22- is formed. The mechanism of the ORR with and without DBBQ will be discussed.

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“…This is accompanied by the evolution of several side products. We assume that these side products are generated by a reaction with 1 O2, which was reported to be a product besides 3…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ORR in Ca2+ Containing DMSO: Reaction Mechanism, Electrode Surface Characterization and Redox Mediation

Reinsberg

Koellisch-Mirbach

et al. 2020

Preprint

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show abstract

“…This ion pair formation is well known for benzoquinones [63,64] and was also investigated by us in the context of the ORR in Li + -containing electrolyte. [61] It is expected that the DBBQ ion pair forms a mediatorÀ Oxygen complex [reaction (3)]. This is followed by the formation of peroxides or superoxides by the following Equations (4)-(6):…”

Section: Orr Mediation By Dbbq In Ca 2 + -Containing Dmsomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One possibility is to use other chemistries such as metal‐air and metal‐sulfur, which do not necessarily require the use of cobalt catalysts. Another problem for lithium technology is the lack of the resource lithium and the water‐consuming mining [3] . On the other hand, calcium, being the fifth‐most abundant metal on earth, combines a high abundance with a competitive volumetric capacity of 2072 mAh

\cdot

cm −3[4,5] and thus is a promising candidate as anode material in future battery applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another problem for lithium technology is the lack of the resource lithium and the water-consuming mining. [3] On the other hand, calcium, being the fifth-most abundant metal on earth, combines a high abundance with a competitive volumet-ric capacity of 2072 mAh � cm À 3 [4,5] and thus is a promising candidate as anode material in future battery applications. Early studies, however, showed the difficulties of Ca plating/ stripping.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Ca²⁺‐Containing DMSO: Reaction Mechanism, Electrode Surface Characterization, and Redox Mediation**

et al. 2020

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In this study we strengthen our fundamental understanding of the underlying reactions of a possible Ca-O2 battery using a DMSO based electrolyte. Employing the rotating ring disc electrode, we find a transition from a mixed process of O2and O2 2formation to an exclusive O2formation at gold electrodes. We will show that in this system Ca-superoxide and Ca-peroxide are formed as soluble species. However, there is a strongly adsorbed layer of ORR products on the electrode surface which is blocking the electrode. Surprisingly the blockade is a partial blockade because the formation of superoxide can be maintained. During an anodic sweep the ORR product layer is stripped from the electrode surface. With X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy the deposited ORR products are shown to be Ca(O2)2, CaO2 and CaO as well as side reaction products such as CO3 2and other oxygen containing carbon species. We will give evidences that the strongly attached layer on the electrocatalyst that is partially blocking the electrode could be adsorbed CaO. The disproportionation reaction of O2in presence of Ca 2+ was demonstrated via mass spectrometry. Finally the ORR mediated by 2,5-Di-tert-1,4-benzoquinone (DBBQ) is investigated by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) and XPS. Similar products as without DBBQ are deposited on the electrode surface. The analysis of the DEMS experiments shows that DBBQis reducing O2 to O2and O2 2whereas in the presence of DBBQ 2-O2 2is formed. The mechanism of the ORR with and without DBBQ will be discussed.

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Electrochemical Overview: A Summary of ACo_xMn_yNi_zO₂ and Metal Oxides as Versatile Cathode Materials for Metal‐Ion Batteries

Pimlott

Street

Down

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Early LiCoO 2 research provided the basis for the tremendous commercial success of Li + batteries since their invention in the early 1990s. Today, LiN-iMnCoO 2 (Li-NMC) is one of the most widely used batteries in the rapidly evolving electronic vehicle industry. Li-NMC batteries continue to receive significant interest as research efforts aim to partially, or entirely, replace the use of scarcely available and toxic Co with elemental doping to form binary, ternary, and quaternary layered oxides. Furthermore, safety concerns and rising uncertainty for the future of Li supplies have resulted in growing curiosity toward non-Li + rechargeable batteries such as Na + and K + . Unfortunately, the success of Li + host materials does not always directly transfer to Na + and K + batteries due to the difficulty of reversibly intercalating larger ions without irreparably distorting the host structure. Consequently, this report provides an overview of the Li-based materials surrounding the success of commercial Li-NMC and the subsequent progress of their lesser studied Na and K counterparts. The challenges for current cathode materials are highlighted, and the opportunities for progression are suggested. The summary presented in this review can be consulted to steer new and unique research avenues for layered oxide materials as metal-ion battery cathodes.

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Interdependencies of lithium mining and communities sustainability in Salar de Atacama, Chile

Cited by 75 publications

References 34 publications

The ORR in Ca2+ Containing DMSO: Reaction Mechanism, Electrode Surface Characterization and Redox Mediation

The ORR in Ca2+ Containing DMSO: Reaction Mechanism, Electrode Surface Characterization and Redox Mediation

The Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Ca²⁺‐Containing DMSO: Reaction Mechanism, Electrode Surface Characterization, and Redox Mediation**

Electrochemical Overview: A Summary of ACo_xMn_yNi_zO₂ and Metal Oxides as Versatile Cathode Materials for Metal‐Ion Batteries

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Interdependencies of lithium mining and communities sustainability in Salar de Atacama, Chile

Cited by 75 publications

References 34 publications

The ORR in Ca2+ Containing DMSO: Reaction Mechanism, Electrode Surface Characterization and Redox Mediation

The ORR in Ca2+ Containing DMSO: Reaction Mechanism, Electrode Surface Characterization and Redox Mediation

The Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Ca2+‐Containing DMSO: Reaction Mechanism, Electrode Surface Characterization, and Redox Mediation**

Electrochemical Overview: A Summary of ACoxMnyNizO2 and Metal Oxides as Versatile Cathode Materials for Metal‐Ion Batteries

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Product

Resources

About

The Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Ca²⁺‐Containing DMSO: Reaction Mechanism, Electrode Surface Characterization, and Redox Mediation**

Electrochemical Overview: A Summary of ACo_xMn_yNi_zO₂ and Metal Oxides as Versatile Cathode Materials for Metal‐Ion Batteries