Integrated water resource management in complex systems: How the catchment management strategies seek to achieve sustainability and equity in water resources in South Africa

Abstract

It is increasingly evident amongst practitioners and academics alike that the management approaches of the past have failed to deal adequately with the challenges posed by complex and rapidly changing systems. Indeed the call for integrated approaches such as those embodied in integrated water resource management (IWRM) reflects such concerns. This is because these systems are characterised by complexity in which an understanding of linkages, multiple drivers and unpredictable outcomes is critical. It is also widely recognised that the management of such systems requires an iterative, 'learning-by-doing' approach that is reflexive in nature and builds learning into the next management cycle. We suggest that any attempt to define and implement viable and effective governance of water resources, as well as rehabilitation measures, requires understanding that catchments are complex systems showing the aforementioned characteristics. As a corollary, an adaptive management approach appears best suited to such conditions.In this paper we argue that South Africa's highly-acclaimed National Water Act and associated policy documents such as the National Water Resource Strategy is an example of a policy document that reflects this thinking, as is evident in the guidelines for the development of catchment management strategies which are introduced and described. These offer a framework for the development of a holistic, systems understanding which is strategic and adaptive. In particular, under such a framework, we select the two cornerstones of the Act -sustainability and equity -to explore this theme. We show that under such a framework ensuring that both these principles are achieved is not through one simplistic management action but through an integrated, systems approach. The development of strategies is driven by principles which help one to navigate issues that emerge in complex systems in a flexible way. Visioning and scenarios offer important management tools for establishing a hierarchy of actions that can achieve the overarching principles and that can accommodating change. In complex systems, the users must be part of deriving management solutions since this is where and how they learn. Self-organisation, identity and embeddedness are all essential characteristics of building resilience in a catchment system.

Perspectives on integrated water resource management and its relevance in understanding the water-energy-climate change nexus in South Africa

“…While the developments on nexus are still at an infant stage, research conducted on sustainable water resource management resulted in the paradigms such as the IWRM, which focusses on addressing complex systems involving water (GWP, 2000;Pollard and Du Toit, 2008;Heldt et al, 2017). This research stimulated suggestions that effective management of water should be at the apex of WECC as it may influence how to minimise the nexus risks to socio-economic development (Prasad et al, 2012;Jagerskog et al, 2014).…”

Synthesis: IWRM lessons for implementation

“…The paper focuses on the newly developed catchment management strategy (CMS) guidelines which present a framework for an integrated, systems approach to IWRM. Pollard and Du Toit (2008) provide an overview of the CMS guidelines and the strategic path it offers in achieving equity and sustainability in water resource management. Although specific to South Africa, the CMS's present an example that could be adapted and applied elsewhere for how strategic plans -if collaboratively, judiciously and thoughtfully developed -can be designed to support IWRM implementation.…”

Emergence, Interpretations and Translations of IWRM in South Africa

“…The first National Water Resources Strategy (NWRS), which was published in 2004, draws on the Global Water Partnership (GWP) definition of IWRM and states the importance of linking domestic water use/needs, sanitation and health issues to IWRM. The necessity of integrating local planning instruments, such as the Integrated Development Plan (IDP) with water supply and sanitation services is also underscored by Pollard and Du Toit (2008).…”