Intakes of Folate, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 in Relation to All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A National Population-Based Cohort

Abstract

The evidence regarding the intake of dietary folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in relation to mortality in the general population is limited. This study aimed to examine the relationship between dietary intakes of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 in relation to all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a large U.S. cohort. This study included a total of 55,569 adults from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) and NHANES 1999–2014. Vital data were determined by linking with the National Death Index records through 31 December 2015. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the relationships of all-cause and cause-specific mortality with dietary folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 intake. Dietary intakes of folate and vitamin B6 were inversely associated with mortality from all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer for men and with mortality from all-cause and cardiovascular disease for women. In men, the multivariable hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest versus lowest quintiles of folate and vitamin B6 were 0.77 (0.71–0.85) and 0.79 (0.71–0.86) for all-cause mortality, 0.59 (0.48–0.72) and 0.69 (0.56–0.85) for CVD mortality, and 0.68 (0.56–0.84) and 0.73 (0.60–0.90) for cancer mortality, respectively. Among women, the multivariable hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the highest versus lowest quintiles of folate and vitamin B6 were 0.86 (0.78–0.95) and 0.88 (0.80–0.97) for all-cause mortality and 0.53 (0.41–0.69) and 0.56 (0.44–0.73) for CVD mortality, respectively. No significant associations between dietary vitamin B12 and all-cause and cause-specific mortality were observed. In conclusion, higher dietary intakes of folate and vitamin B6 were significantly associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Our findings suggest that increasing the intake of folate and vitamin B6 may lower the mortality risk among U.S. adults.

Relationship of Low Vitamin B6 Status with Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Mortality: A Narrative Review

“…A summary of findings from seven studies [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ] examining the relationship between B6 status and all-cause mortality in the general population is presented in Table 3 . Among these seven studies, six [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ] indicated a significant inverse association between B6 status and all-cause mortality.…”

“…A summary of findings from seven studies [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ] examining the relationship between B6 status and all-cause mortality in the general population is presented in Table 3 . Among these seven studies, six [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ] indicated a significant inverse association between B6 status and all-cause mortality. A study by Cui et al [ 22 ] did not indicate results for all-cause mortality, although their study indicated that B6 intake was significantly associated with a lower mortality risk from heart failure.…”

Intakes of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 and cardiovascular disease risk: a national population-based cross-sectional study

“…Evidence among general adults is scares. Furthermore, although studies based on similar data have found that folate, vitamin B6 or vitamin B12 have an effect on death and high blood pressure, their effect on cardiovascular disease is unclear (27)(28)(29). Therefore, we investigated the association of dietary folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 with the prevalence of CVD in a cross-sectional study of the general United States adult population using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).…”

Riboflavin Intake Inversely Associated with Cardiovascular-Disease Mortality and Interacting with Folate Intake: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2016

“…Yet, its relationship with mortality has not been investigated, unlike other vitamin B family members. For example, data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANESIII) and NHANES 1999-2014 showed higher dietary folate intake reduced all-cause mortality, and CVD mortality by 23% (hazard ratio (HR): 0.77, 95% CI 0.71-0.85) and 41% (HR: 0.59, 95% CI 0.48-0.72) in men and by 14% and 47% in women, respectively [17]. Among participants with a high risk of CVD, a folate supplement reduced the CVD mortality by 44% and all-cause mortality by 28% [18].…”