Riboflavin Intake Inversely Associated with Cardiovascular-Disease Mortality and Interacting with Folate Intake: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2016

Abstract

The association between intakes of riboflavin and mortality has not been examined intensively in general populations. In this study, 10,480 adults in the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were followed-up until 2019 for their vital status. Riboflavin and folate were assessed by two-day 24 h recall. The date and cause of death were obtained from the US Mortality Registry. The risks of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality were investigated using a Cox regression analysis. During a mean of 8.5 years follow-up, there were 1214 deaths registered (including 373 deaths from CVD and 302 from cancer). Compared to low level (quartile 1, Q1) of riboflavin intake, the hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for high level (quartile 4, Q4) were 0.53 (0.31–0.90) for CVD mortality and 0.62 (0.48–0.81) for all-cause mortality. The inverse association between riboflavin intake and CVD mortality was only significant among those with a high intake of folate (p for interaction 0.045). Those with a high folate intake (Q4) and low intake of riboflavin (Q1) had the highest risk of CVD mortality (HR 4.38, 95% CI 1.79–10.72), as compared with a high intake of both riboflavin and folate. In conclusion, riboflavin intake was inversely associated with all-cause mortality and CVD mortality, and the association was modified by folate intake.

Association of Cantonese dietary patterns with mortality risk in older Chinese: a 16-year follow-up of a Guangzhou Biobank cohort study

“…We found a strong correlation between the healthy Cantonese dietary pattern and intake of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and vitamin C. Previous studies showed that vitamin B2 was associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality, probably through its beneficial effect on systolic blood pressure. 67,68 Vitamin C was suggested to prevent arteriosclerosis by inhibiting the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), thereby reducing the risk of CVD mortality. 69 Moreover, a MR study showed that higher dietary vitamin C intake, but not vitamin C supplement, was associated with a lower risk of lung cancer.…”

“…We found a strong correlation between the healthy Cantonese dietary pattern and intake of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and vitamin C. Previous studies showed that vitamin B2 was associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality, probably through its beneficial effect on systolic blood pressure. 67,68 Vitamin C was suggested to prevent arteriosclerosis by inhibiting the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein chole-…”

Riboflavin Intake and Mortality of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

“…A study has reported that ribo avin intake lower than the recommended level was related to an elevated risk of CKD stage 3B or above [9]. In the general populations, ribo avin intake was reported to show an inverse relationship with the risk of all-cause mortality [10]. However, in CKD patients, the relationship between ribo avin intake and all-cause mortality has not been reported.…”

Association between riboflavin intake and the risk of all-cause mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease: A retrospective cohort study

“…A study has reported that ribo avin intake lower than the recommended level was associated with an increased risk of CKD stage 3B and above [9]. In general populations, ribo avin intake was reported to be inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality [10]. However, the association between ribo avin intake and the risk of all-cause mortality in CKD patients has not been reported.…”