Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes

Roden, Michael; Petersen, Kitt Falk; Shulman, Gerald I.

doi:10.1002/9781118924853.ch13

Cited by 24 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 175 publications

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“…Obesity/metabolic syndrome is always associated with insulin resistance, which is defined as the impaired sensitivity of organs/tissues such as the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissues to the action of insulin and can be induced by HFD [27]. Insulin resistance could decrease lipolysis rates in adipose tissue, which could further result in an increased level of TG in plasma [28]. In this study, the HOMA-IR index in the HFD group was significantly increased and, correspondingly, a significant elevation of TG was observed as well as an elevation of the T-CHO and LDL-C levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight-Reducing Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum ZJUFT17 Isolated from Sourdough Ecosystem

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Lactobacillus plantarum ZJUFT17 (T17) is a potential probiotic bacterium isolated from Chinese traditional sourdough. The purpose of this study was to investigate its weight-reducing effects in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and further to elucidate possible mechanisms. Male C57BL/6J mice fed HFD were given T17 (2–4 × 108 cfu) intragastrically for 10 weeks. The results showed that the administration of T17 significantly suppressed HFD-induced body weight gain, alleviated HFD-induced increase in serum lipids and decreased energy intake. The serum levels of obesity-related metabolic signaling molecules, including insulin, adiponectin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, were markedly improved. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that T17 administration dramatically modulated the gut microbiota, suppressing pathogenic and pro-inflammatory microbes and stimulating the microbes favoring anti-obesity. The weight-reducing efficacy of T17 may be explained by its ability to ameliorate systemic inflammation and insulin resistance mediated by gut microbiota. This study revealed that T17 could ameliorate obesity and the concomitant metabolic syndrome in mice and that the lactic acid bacteria in the sourdough ecosystem may also possess anti-obesity/weight-reducing properties.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight-Reducing Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum ZJUFT17 Isolated from Sourdough Ecosystem

Liu

Zhao

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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“…Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with an impaired biological response to insulin stimulation of key target tissues, particularly liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. IR impacts glucose utilization, resulting in a compensatory increase in beta-cell insulin production and hyperinsulinemia [1]. Progression of IR can lead to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Magnesium Deficiency on Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: Focusing on the Processes of Insulin Secretion and Signaling

Kostov

2019

IJMS

159

144

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Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential mineral for human health and plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin actions. Despite the widespread clinical evidences for the association of Mg2+ deficiency (MgD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), molecular mechanisms by which Mg2+ contributes to insulin resistance (IR) are still under discussion. Mg2+ regulates electrical activity and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cells. Intracellular Mg2+ concentrations are critical for the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and other downstream signal kinases of the target cells. Low Mg2+ levels result in a defective tyrosine kinase activity, post-receptor impairment in insulin action, altered cellular glucose transport, and decreased cellular glucose utilization, which promotes peripheral IR in T2D. MgD triggers chronic systemic inflammation that also potentiates IR. People with T2D may end up in a vicious circle in which MgD increases IR and IR causes MgD, that requires periodic monitoring of serum Mg2+ levels.

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“…The consequences of this are very dangerous, especially for nucleic acids, where modification of bases, covalent crosslinks, and single- and double-strand breaks can occur. In addition to the radical species deriving from oxygen, other radicals are derived from reactive nitrogen species (RNS), e.g., the superoxide anion (O2−) [ 34 ]. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS) cause damage in the cell nucleus and in the mitochondria.…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

NAFLD, Insulin Resistance, and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Marušić

Paić²,

Knobloch³

et al. 2021

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a condition defined by fat accumulation in hepatocytes not promoted by excessive alcohol consumption. It is highly prevalent and is strongly associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes type II. Insulin resistance plays a crucial role in the multifactorial etiopathogenesis of this condition leading to accumulation of free fatty acids in the liver cells, thus causing lipotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrosis. In this review, we will focus on currently known pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Numerous investigation strategies are available to establish the diagnosis, from biochemical markers and ultrasound to various molecular and advanced imaging techniques and liver biopsy. Prevention is crucial. However, effective and promising therapies are strongly demanded.

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Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes

Cited by 24 publications

References 175 publications

Weight-Reducing Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum ZJUFT17 Isolated from Sourdough Ecosystem

Weight-Reducing Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum ZJUFT17 Isolated from Sourdough Ecosystem

Effects of Magnesium Deficiency on Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: Focusing on the Processes of Insulin Secretion and Signaling

NAFLD, Insulin Resistance, and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

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