Insights into rock‐ice avalanche dynamics by combined analysis of seismic recordings and a numerical avalanche model

Schneider, Daniel; Bartelt, Perry; Caplan‐Auerbach, J.; Christen, Marc; Huggel, Christian; McArdell, Brian W.

doi:10.1029/2010jf001734

Cited by 110 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(144 reference statements)

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“…The Coulomb-friction term with a dry surface friction dominates the total friction when the flow is relatively slow, and the turbulent friction parameter tends to dominate when the flow is rapid, as is the case with the avalanches considered here (Bartelt et al, 2013;Christen et al, 2008Christen et al, , 2010. The friction parameter values used in the RAMMS avalanche model are ξ = 1000 ms −2 , µ = 0.12 and ρ = 1000 kg m −3 , values similar to those used to model the avalanche into Lake 513 (Schneider et al, 2014).…”

Section: Avalanche Simulationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…When an avalanche enters the lake, depending on its size and the level of the water surface in the lake, the resulting wave might overtop the damming moraine and possibly initiate an erosive breaching process releasing considerable amounts of water and debris into the Paria River and potentially inundating densely populated areas of Huaraz downstream. The process chain from avalanche to inundation was simulated using four models: potential avalanches were modeled using RAMMS (Christen et al, 2010), lake wave dynamics were modeled with FLOW3D (Flow Science, 2012), the dynamic breaching process was simulated in BASEMENT (Vetsch et al, 2006), and propagation of the flood wave downstream and inundation in Huaraz were simulated in FLO2D (O'Brien, 2003).…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RAMMS avalanche model was used to simulate the progression of avalanches down the mountain to the lake. RAMMS solves two-dimensional, depth-averaged mass and momentum equations for granular flow on three-dimensional terrain using a finite volume method (Christen et al, 2010;Bartelt et al, 2013). The inputs for the model include (1) terrain data (a DEM, described above); (2) fracture height; (3) the avalanche release area; and (4) friction parameters.…”

Section: Avalanche Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physical models of avalanche phenomena have been used to simulate mass movement processes, e.g., snow avalanches, rock slides, rock avalanches or debris flows (Schneider et al, 2010). Rock-ice avalanches exhibit flow characteristics similar to all of these processes, and the choice of an appropriate model is difficult because available models are not able to fully simulate all of the elements of these complex events.…”

Section: Introduction To Glacial Lake Hazard Process Chain Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rock-ice avalanches exhibit flow characteristics similar to all of these processes, and the choice of an appropriate model is difficult because available models are not able to fully simulate all of the elements of these complex events. Schneider et al (2010) tested the Rapid Mass Movements -RAMMS -model (Bartelt et al, 2013), a twodimensional dynamic physical model based on the shallow water equations (SWE) for granular flows and the Voellmy frictional rheology to successfully reproduce the flow and deposition geometry as well as dynamic aspects of large rockice avalanches. RAMMS was used here to determine the characteristics of various size avalanches entering the lake, one of the more difficult elements in modeling the process chain.…”

Section: Introduction To Glacial Lake Hazard Process Chain Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling a glacial lake outburst flood process chain: the case of Lake Palcacocha and Huaraz, Peru

Somos‐Valenzuela

Chisolm

Rivas

et al. 2016

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

101

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Abstract. One of the consequences of recent glacier recession in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, is the risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) from lakes that have formed at the base of retreating glaciers. GLOFs are often triggered by avalanches falling into glacial lakes, initiating a chain of processes that may culminate in significant inundation and destruction downstream. This paper presents simulations of all of the processes involved in a potential GLOF originating from Lake Palcacocha, the source of a previously catastrophic GLOF on 13 December 1941, killing about 1800 people in the city of Huaraz, Peru. The chain of processes simulated here includes (1) avalanches above the lake; (2) lake dynamics resulting from the avalanche impact, including wave generation, propagation, and run-up across lakes; (3) terminal moraine overtopping and dynamic moraine erosion simulations to determine the possibility of breaching; (4) flood propagation along downstream valleys; and (5) inundation of populated areas. The results of each process feed into simulations of subsequent processes in the chain, finally resulting in estimates of inundation in the city of Huaraz. The results of the inundation simulations were converted into flood intensity and preliminary hazard maps (based on an intensity-likelihood matrix) that may be useful for city planning and regulation. Three avalanche events with volumes ranging from 0.5 to 3 × 10 6 m 3 were simulated, and two scenarios of 15 and 30 m lake lowering were simulated to assess the potential of mitigating the hazard level in Huaraz. For all three avalanche events, three-dimensional hydrodynamic models show large waves generated in the lake from the impact resulting in overtopping of the damming moraine. Despite very high discharge rates (up to 63.4 × 10 3 m 3 s −1 ), the erosion from the overtopping wave did not result in failure of the damming moraine when simulated with a hydromorphodynamic model using excessively conservative soil characteristics that provide very little erosion resistance. With the current lake level, all three avalanche events result in inundation in Huaraz due to wave overtopping, and the resulting preliminary hazard map shows a total affected area of 2.01 km 2 , most of which is in the high hazard category. Lowering the lake has the potential to reduce the affected area by up to 35 %, resulting in a smaller portion of the inundated area in the high hazard category.

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Section: Avalanche Simulationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Avalanche Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction To Glacial Lake Hazard Process Chain Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction To Glacial Lake Hazard Process Chain Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Modeling a glacial lake outburst flood process chain: the case of Lake Palcacocha and Huaraz, Peru

Somos‐Valenzuela

Chisolm

Rivas

et al. 2016

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

101

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Dynamics of the Bingham Canyon Mine landslides from seismic signal analysis

Hibert

Ekström

Stark

2014

Geophysical Research Letters

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Joint interpretation of long‐ and short‐period seismic signals generated by landslides sheds light on the dynamics of slope failure, providing constraints on landslide initiation and termination and on the main phases of acceleration and deceleration. We carry out a combined analysis of the seismic signals generated by two massive landslides that struck the Bingham Canyon Mine pit on 10 April 2013. Inversion of the long‐period waveforms yields time series for the bulk landslide forces and momenta, from which we deduce runout trajectories consistent with the deposit morphology. Comparing these time series with the short‐period seismic data, we are able to infer when and where major changes take place in landslide momentum along the runout path. This combined analysis points to a progressive fracturing of the masses during acceleration indicates that deceleration starts the moment they reach the pit floor and suggests that the bulk movement is stopped by a topographic barrier.

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Numerical modeling of the Mount Meager landslide constrained by its force history derived from seismic data

et al. 2015

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We focus on the 6 August 2010 Mount Meager landslide that occurred in Southwest British Columbia, Canada. This 48.5 Mm3 rockslide that rapidly changed into a debris flow was recorded by over 25 broadband seismic stations. We showed that the waveform inversion of the seismic signal making it possible to calculate the time history of the force applied by the landslide to the ground is very robust and stable, even when using only data from a single station. By comparing this force with the force calculated through numerical modeling of the landslide, we are able to support the interpretation of seismic data made using a simple block model. However, our study gives different values of the friction coefficients involved and more details about the volumes and orientation of the subevents and the flow trajectory and velocity. Our sensitivity analysis shows that the characteristics of the released mass and the friction coefficients all contribute to the amplitude and the phase of the force. Despite this complexity, our study makes it possible to discriminate the best values of all these parameters. Our results suggest that comparing simulated and inverted forces helps to identify appropriate rheological laws for natural flows. We also show that except for the initial collapse, peaks in the low‐frequency force related to bends and runup over topography changes are associated with high‐frequency generation, possibly due to an increased agitation of the granular material involved.

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Insights into rock‐ice avalanche dynamics by combined analysis of seismic recordings and a numerical avalanche model

Cited by 110 publications

References 77 publications

Modeling a glacial lake outburst flood process chain: the case of Lake Palcacocha and Huaraz, Peru

Modeling a glacial lake outburst flood process chain: the case of Lake Palcacocha and Huaraz, Peru

Dynamics of the Bingham Canyon Mine landslides from seismic signal analysis

Numerical modeling of the Mount Meager landslide constrained by its force history derived from seismic data

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