Innate Humoral Defense Factors

Hajishengallis, George; Russell, Michael W.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00015-x

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 241 publications

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“…Secretions of the male and female genital tracts contain an array of innate antimicrobial defense factors similar to those found in other, often better studied secretions, such as milk, saliva, and intestinal and respiratory secretions. These include lactoferrin, lysozyme, peroxidase, defensins, and other proteins secreted by epithelial cells (Hajishengallis and Russell 2015;Ouellette 2015) (Table 1.1). While many of these are constitutively produced, some are upregulated or induced by cytokines, such as IL-17 and IL-22 generated by Th17 cells or by innate lymphoid cells, especially those designated as ILC3.…”

Section: Humoral Defense Factors In Female Secretionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lactoferrin is a non-heme iron-binding protein (M r ~80 000) related to serum transferrin, but found in most external secretions (reviewed in Hajishengallis and Russell 2015). In the presence of bicarbonate ion, it binds Fe 3+ with extremely high affinity even at acidic pH down to pH 3.…”

Section: Peroxidasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lysozyme is a small (M r ~14 000) cationic (pI 10.5) protein with muramidase activity that hydrolyses bacterial peptidoglycan (reviewed in Hajishengallis and Russell 2015), and is found in genital secretions and other body fluids (Table 1.1). However, most commensal and pathogenic bacteria are resistant to lysis by lysozyme due to modifications of peptidoglycan structure and its close association with other cell wall structural materials that impede access.…”

Section: Peroxidasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peroxidase activity has been described in vaginal fluid as in other secretions (Table 1.1). Secretory peroxidases utilize H 2 O 2 to catalyze the oxidation of halides and pseudohalides to toxic products, but (unlike myeloperoxidase found in phagocytes) they cannot oxidize chloride to hypochlorite (reviewed in Hajishengallis and Russell 2015). Instead, the preferred substrate appears to be thiocyanate (SCN − ), which is found in secretions as a detoxification product of cyanide, and is oxidized to hypothiocyanite (OSCN − ).…”

Section: Peroxidasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlamydia Trachomatis Urogenital Infections

Armitage

Carey

Hickey

et al. 2018

Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Quantitative evaluation of the cells involved in the immune system, such as lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells, together with their products, including antibodies, cytokines, and humoral factors of innate immunity, convincingly revealed that the immune system associated with the mucosae is greater than its systemic counterpart (Russell et al. 2015a). This fact should not be surprising, as the development of the entire immune system during evolution and continuously in everyday life is driven by stimulation with commensal microbiota, antigens present in food and inhaled air, as well as pathogens throughout the enormous surface area of mucosal sites, which far exceeds the skin surface. The mucosal immune system comprises anatomically remote and physiologically distinct compartments that provide protection at various mucosal sites. Although the genital tract shares some common features with other mucosae, including the presence of humoral factors and cells of innate immunity, and the origin of cells involved in antibody production and T cell-mediated immunity, there are also many distinct features characteristic of the genital tract (Russell and Mestecky 2002, 2010; Mestecky et al. 2005). The spectrum of antigens including commensal or pathogenic microorganisms, and sperm is different from those at other mucosal sites. Furthermore, the primary physiological role of the genital tract is reproduction, which involves the acceptance of allogeneic sperm and semi-allogeneic offspring. This distinct physiological role influences the immune system of the genital tract with respect to the induction or suppression of immune responses, which must be considered in the development and application of vaccines against infectious agents of sexually transmitted diseases.

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Section: Humoral Defense Factors In Female Secretionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Peroxidasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Peroxidasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Peroxidasementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Chlamydia Trachomatis Urogenital Infections

Armitage

Carey

Hickey

et al. 2018

Diagnostics to Pathogenomics of Sexually Transmitted Infections

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…An important non‐specific defence mechanism of the oral cavity comprises the peroxidase enzymes of saliva (Hajishengallis & Russell, ). Through their activity and concentration, oral peroxidases (OPOs) control the growth and amount of oral microorganisms (Tenovuo, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of salivary peroxidase activity and concentration with periodontal health: A validity study

Zahedani

Schwahn

Baguhl

et al. 2017

J Clinic Periodontology

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Mucosal Surfaces: Immunological Protection

Wohlfert

Russell

2016

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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The mucosal surfaces of the body are protected against pathogens and other environmental antigens by the mucosal immune system. This is functionally separate from the circulatory immune system, and represents by far the largest part of the entire immune system. Components include innate and adaptive immune cells and molecules. Specific T and B cells induced by antigens in the major immune inductive sites located in the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract are programmed to relocate in remote mucosal effector sites where secretory IgA antibodies and effector T cells are generated. Regulatory mechanisms including regulatory T cells and cytokines maintain a hypo‐responsive, non‐inflammatory state that prevents over‐reaction to the large mass of antigenic material consisting of food and other environmental antigens as well as the commensal microbiota. However, the mucosal immune system can respond vigorously with localised and disseminated responses when stimulated by aggressive pathogens. Key Concepts The mucosal immune system protects the large surface areas of the oro‐gastrointestinal, respiratory and genital tracts, the conjunctivae, their associated glands and the mammary glands. The mucosal immune system discriminates between pathogens that elicit a vigorous response, commensals that are regulated but not eliminated and harmless antigens such as food components that are tolerated. Innate components of mucosal immunity include physicochemical barriers such as mucus and low pH, and an array of antimicrobial molecules and cells that defend the mucosae against pathogenic attack and initiate recognition by the adaptive immune system. Adaptive components of mucosal immunity include locally produced secretory IgA antibodies, and both effector and regulatory T cells. Mucosal immune inductive sites such as intestinal Peyer's patches and other mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissues take up luminal antigens and disseminate induced, antigen‐specific T and B cells to remote effector sites in the ‘common’ mucosal immune system. Dendritic cells and other antigen‐presenting cells are located within the mucosal immune inductive sites and in the lamina propria underlying the epithelium. Mucosal trafficking of antigen‐induced T and B cells is determined by a set of vascular addressins, mucosal chemokines and receptors imprinted on lymphocytes during their induction. Mucosal epithelial cells have an integral role in antigen recognition and uptake, interaction with the cells of the immune system and delivery of the cells and molecules involved in immune defence. Innate defence cells including mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils are recruited to the mucosae, and display phenotypic profiles distinct from equivalent cells in systemic locations or the circulation.

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Innate Humoral Defense Factors

Cited by 23 publications

References 241 publications

Chlamydia Trachomatis Urogenital Infections

Chlamydia Trachomatis Urogenital Infections

Association of salivary peroxidase activity and concentration with periodontal health: A validity study

Mucosal Surfaces: Immunological Protection

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