Injection drug use, HIV/HCV, and related services in nonurban areas of the United States: A systematic review

Paquette, Catherine; Pollini, Robin A.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.049

Cited by 55 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…However, this causes limitations in generalization of the results to all PWID in the country. This challenge is also seen in studies conducted in other countries [79,80].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) and related factors in Iran: a systematic review, meta‐analysis and trend analysis

et al. 2020

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Aims In Iran, injecting drug use has been the major route of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. In order to control the HIV epidemic, a harm reduction program was initiated and has been expanded in recent years. The aim of this study was to provide an updated estimate of HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran, investigate prevalence differences over time and assess prevalence correlates. Design A comprehensive systematic review was undertaken in the international, regional and national bibliographic databases in November 2018 and extensive contacts with authors were made. For studies conducted before 2005, we used data from a previous published systematic review. Setting All studies conducted in Iran were included. Recruitment settings included anywhere except studies conducted in infectious diseases wards or HIV counseling centers. Participants PWID with any definition utilized in the studies. Thirty‐six studies were included, which were conducted in 24 of 31 provinces with a sample size of 22 160 PWID. Measurements We included studies that had performed HIV testing and had a confirmed diagnosis of HIV through repeating the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or Western immunoblot assay (WB). Pooled prevalence of HIV was calculated for the total sample and for different subgroups, by available socio‐demographic and behavioral factors. For assessing the trend of HIV prevalence over time, a linear meta‐regression model was fitted separately for before 2007 and during 2007 and afterwards. Findings The pooled prevalences of HIV before 2007 and in 2007 and afterwards were 14.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 9.8–18.9] and 9.7% (95% CI = 7.6–11.9), respectively. HIV prevalence increased until 2005–06 and then slowly declined until 2009–10, which was not significant. Prevalence of HIV was significantly higher in PWID above age 25 years, and in those with history of imprisonment and history of needle/syringe‐sharing. HIV prevalence was higher in men than in women, but the difference was insignificant. Conclusion The prevalence of HIV among people who inject drugs in Iran decreased after 2006 which could, at least in part, be attributed to the development of extensive harm reduction programs in the country.

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“…However, this causes limitations in generalization of the results to all PWID in the country. This challenge is also seen in studies conducted in other countries [79,80].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) and related factors in Iran: a systematic review, meta‐analysis and trend analysis

et al. 2020

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“…Incident HCV infections have increased among young people who inject drugs due to unprecedented levels of opioid-use disorder. (1,24,25,(39)(40)(41) Syringe services programs and medication-assisted treatment for opioiduse disorder are both evidence-based strategies for reducing HCV transmissions in this population. (42) Mathematical models suggest that hepatitis C treatment can also reduce population prevalence among groups at highest HCV infection risk and prevent new transmissions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C Virus Prevalence in 50 U.S. States and D.C. by Sex, Birth Cohort, and Race: 2013‐2016

et al. 2020

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver‐related morbidity and mortality, and more than 2 million adults in the United States are estimated to be currently infected. Reducing HCV burden will require an understanding of demographic disparities and targeted efforts to reduce prevalence in populations with disproportionate disease rates. We modeled state‐level estimates of hepatitis C prevalence among U.S. adults by sex, birth cohort, and race during 2013‐2016. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data were used in combination with state‐level HCV‐related and narcotic overdose–related mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System and estimates from external literature review on populations not sampled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nationally, estimated hepatitis C prevalence was 1.3% among males and 0.6% among females (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.3). Among persons born during 1945 to 1969, prevalence was 1.6% compared with 0.5% among persons born after 1969 (PR = 3.2). Among persons born during 1945 to 1969, prevalence ranged from 0.7% in North Dakota to 3.6% in Oklahoma and 6.8% in the District of Columbia. Among persons born after 1969, prevalence was more than twice as high in Kentucky, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and West Virginia compared with the national average. Hepatitis C prevalence was 1.8% among non‐Hispanic black persons and 0.8% among persons of other races (PR = 2.2), and the magnitude of this disparity varied widely across jurisdictions (PR range: 1.3‐7.8). Overall, 23% of prevalent HCV infections occurred among non‐Hispanic black persons, whereas 12% of the population was represented by this racial group. These estimates provide information on prevalent HCV infections that jurisdictions can use for understanding and monitoring local disease patterns and racial disparities in burden of disease.

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“…2 The high prevalence of OUD has led to an array of health and social problems. The United States has seen record high rates of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, more children entering foster care, 3 rising heroin and fentanyl use, 4 outbreaks of injectionrelated infectious diseases, 5 and a decline in workforce participation in areas with relatively high rates of opioid prescribing. 6 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has aptly described the crisis as the "worst drug overdose epidemic in [US] history."…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How FDA Failures Contributed to the Opioid Crisis

Kolodny

2020

AMA Journal of Ethics

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Over the past 25 years, pharmaceutical companies deceptively promoted opioid use in ways that were often neither safe nor effective, contributing to unprecedented increases in prescribing, opioid use disorder, and deaths by overdose. This article explores regulatory mistakes made by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in approving and labeling new analgesics. By understanding and correcting these mistakes, future public health crises caused by improper pharmaceutical marketing might be prevented.

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Injection drug use, HIV/HCV, and related services in nonurban areas of the United States: A systematic review

Cited by 55 publications

References 55 publications

HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) and related factors in Iran: a systematic review, meta‐analysis and trend analysis

HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) and related factors in Iran: a systematic review, meta‐analysis and trend analysis

Hepatitis C Virus Prevalence in 50 U.S. States and D.C. by Sex, Birth Cohort, and Race: 2013‐2016

How FDA Failures Contributed to the Opioid Crisis

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