Initial-consequent-change surface in light-contingent bar pressing.

McCall, Robert B.

doi:10.1037/h0023490

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…However, longer periods of testing would be needed to establish this with certainty. In addition to the present data, previous studies have consistently shown both between- and within-session decrements of responding for visual stimuli (Gancarz, Ashrafioun, et al 2011; McCall 1966; Premack and Collier 1962; Roberts, Marx, and Collier 1958; Tapp and Simpson 1966). The data are consistent with the interpretation that repeated response-contingent presentations of visual stimuli result in a progressive decrease in the reinforcing effectiveness of visual stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…A progressive decrease in responding is also a characteristic of VS reinforced responding. Previous studies of VS reinforcement have consistently reported large within-session decrements of responding with the highest rates of responding for the light stimulus occurring during the first minutes of the test session, and thereafter falling off to lower levels (Gancarz, Ashrafioun, et al 2011; McCall 1966; Premack and Collier 1962; Roberts, Marx, and Collier 1958; Tapp and Simpson 1966). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Habituation and the reinforcing effectiveness of visual stimuli

Lloyd

Gancarz

Ashrafioun

et al. 2012

Behavioural Processes

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The term “sensory reinforcer” has been used to refer to sensory stimuli (e.g. light onset) that are primary reinforcers in order to differentiate them from other more biologically important primary reinforcers (e.g. food and water). Acquisition of snout poke responding for a visual stimulus (5 s light onset) with fixed ratio 1 (FR 1), variable-interval 1 minute (VI 1 min), or variable-interval 6 minute (VI 6 min) schedules of reinforcement was tested in three groups of rats (n = 8/group). The VI 6 min schedule of reinforcement produced a higher response rate than the FR 1 or VI 1 min schedules of visual stimulus reinforcement. One explanation for greater responding on the VI 6 min schedule relative to the FR 1 and VI 1 min schedules is that the reinforcing effectiveness of light onset habituated more rapidly in the FR 1 and VI 1 min groups as compared to the VI 6 min group. The inverse relationship between response rate and the rate of visual stimulus reinforcement is opposite to results from studies with biologically important reinforcers which indicate a positive relationship between response and reinforcement rate. Rapid habituation of reinforcing effectiveness may be a fundamental characteristic of sensory reinforcers that differentiates them from biologically important reinforcers, which are required to maintain homeostatic balance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Habituation and the reinforcing effectiveness of visual stimuli

Lloyd

Gancarz

Ashrafioun

et al. 2012

Behavioural Processes

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“…The VI 6 min schedule produced reliable within-session decreases in responding during tests 3–5. For the FR1 schedule, where there are more repetitions of the reinforcer, the pattern of results is consistent with responding being reduced to “asymptotic levels.” In addition to the present data, previous studies have consistently shown both between- and within-session decrements in VS reinforced responding (Roberts et al, 1958; Premack and Collier, 1962; McCall, 1966; Tapp and Simpson, 1966; Gancarz et al, 2012a). …”

Section: Experimental Analysis Of Hre With a Light Reinforcersupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Consistent with an HRE explanation, previous studies consistently show large within-session decrements in responding, with the most responding for the light stimulus occurring during the first minutes of the test session (Roberts et al, 1958; Premack and Collier, 1962; McCall, 1966; Tapp and Simpson, 1966; Gancarz et al, 2011; Lloyd et al, 2012a). Additionally, during hour-long test sessions, habituation may be so extensive that it prevents the spontaneous recovery ( Table 1 , characteristic #2) of responding which otherwise may have been observed in subsequent sessions ( Table 1 , characteristic #6).…”

Section: Experimental Analysis Of Hre With a Light Reinforcersupporting

confidence: 71%

Habituation of reinforcer effectiveness

Lloyd

Medina

Hawk

et al. 2014

Front. Integr. Neurosci.

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In this paper we propose an integrative model of habituation of reinforcer effectiveness (HRE) that links behavioral- and neural-based explanations of reinforcement. We argue that HRE is a fundamental property of reinforcing stimuli. Most reinforcement models implicitly suggest that the effectiveness of a reinforcer is stable across repeated presentations. In contrast, an HRE approach predicts decreased effectiveness due to repeated presentation. We argue that repeated presentation of reinforcing stimuli decreases their effectiveness and that these decreases are described by the behavioral characteristics of habituation (McSweeney and Murphy, 2009; Rankin etal., 2009). We describe a neural model that postulates a positive association between dopamine neurotransmission and HRE. We present evidence that stimulant drugs, which artificially increase dopamine neurotransmission, disrupt (slow) normally occurring HRE and also provide evidence that stimulant drugs have differential effects on operant responding maintained by reinforcers with rapid vs. slow HRE rates. We hypothesize that abnormal HRE due to genetic and/or environmental factors may underlie some behavioral disorders. For example, recent research indicates that slow-HRE is predictive of obesity. In contrast ADHD may reflect “accelerated-HRE.” Consideration of HRE is important for the development of effective reinforcement-based treatments. Finally, we point out that most of the reinforcing stimuli that regulate daily behavior are non-consumable environmental/social reinforcers which have rapid-HRE. The almost exclusive use of consumable reinforcers with slow-HRE in pre-clinical studies with animals may have caused the importance of HRE to be overlooked. Further study of reinforcing stimuli with rapid-HRE is needed in order to understand how habituation and reinforcement interact and regulate behavior.

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“…The basic design was patterned after McCall ( , 1966 and is presented in figure 1. In the general case, stimuli A, B, C, and D are conceived to be steps along a dimension of similarity to one another.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%